, 2009). Despite the weak selleck sequence similarity, Bsp22 is defined as a distinct subfamily of EspA in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Both Bsp22 and EspA self-polymerize to form

a variable length, flexible filamentous structure, referred to as a sheath-like structure (Sekiya et al., 2001; Medhekar et al., 2009). Thus Bsp22 is structurally and functionally related to EspA. The BB1618 does not show any sequence similarity to other type III chaperones, including CesA, a specific chaperone for EspA (Creasey et al., 2003). However, structure prediction using the Phyre program (http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/~phyre/) revealed that the predicted structure of BB1618 exhibits partial homology to the conformational structure of CesA (Yip et al.,

2005). These findings suggest that BB1618 in Bordetella is functionally similar to the type III chaperone CesA in EPEC. BtcA has been identified as a putative chaperone for the BteA effector by genome-wide screening and confirmed to have the ability to bind with BteA (Panina et al., 2005). However, the secretion and the intracellular stability of BteA were not affected by deletion of BtcA (Panina et al., 2005). Here, we showed that the deletion of BB1618 drastically influences the secretion and the intracellular stability of Bsp22, although phenotypes of other type III secreted proteins were not affected by the BB1618 mutation. Co-immunoprecipitation assay showed click here that BB1618 specifically binds to Bsp22, but not to BopB

and BopD (Fig. 5). Thus, BB1618 fulfills the characteristic features of a chaperone for a type III effector. Interestingly, we found that the abundance of BopB, BopD, and BopN into culture supernatants was increased following complementation of BB1618 mutant (Fig. 1b). Therefore, the degree of hemolysis and host cell cytotoxicity of the complemented strain was somewhat increased as compared with that of B. bronchiseptica wild-type strain. Although precise mechanisms of BB1618 under overexpression conditions by the plasmid in trans has not been fully elucidated, an excess amount of BB1618 might lose the binding specificity to the cognate effector, resulting in increased stability of other type III secreted proteins. This report reveals for the first time that BB1618, a novel type III chaperone, is required for maintenance Decitabine of Bsp22. Therefore, we propose that BB1618 be renamed Btc22 for the Bordetella type III chaperone for Bsp22. The authors thank Junko Fukunaga for construction of the Bsp22 mutant and the Bsp22 expression vector, and preparation of the anti-Bsp22 antibodies. This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan through Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B, 21390133; C, 23790484), for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (21022045) and for the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellows (23-7356). J.K.