CrossRef 37. Fujita S, Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Cadenas JG, Yoshizawa F, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB: Dibutyryl-cAMP Nutrient signalling in the regulation of human muscle protein synthesis. J Physiol 2007,15;582(Pt 2):813–823.CrossRef 38. Lancaster G, Mamer OA, Scriver CR: Branched-chain alpha-keto acids

isolated as oxime derivatives: relationship to the corresponding hydroxy acids and amino acids in maple syrup urine disease. Metabolism 1974,23(3):257–265.CrossRefPubMed 39. Jakobs C, Sweetman L, Nyhan WL: Hydroxy acid metabolites of branched-chain amino acids in amniotic fluid. Clin Chim Acta 1984,140(2):157–166.CrossRefPubMed 40. Mamer OA, Laschic NS, Scriver CR: Stable isotope dilution PX-478 concentration assay for branched chain alpha-hydroxy-and alpha-ketoacids: serum concentrations for normal children. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 1986,13(10):553–558.CrossRefPubMed 41. Mortimore GE, Pösö AR, Kadowaki M, Wert JJ Jr: Multiphasic control of hepatic protein degradation by regulatory amino acids. General features and hormonal modulation. J Biol Chem 1987,5;262(34):16322–16327. 42. Rodriguez NR: Making room for protein in approaches to muscle recovery from endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 2009,106(4):1036–1037.CrossRefPubMed AZD6094 chemical structure 43. Shimomura Y, Yamamoto Y, Bajotto G, Sato J, Murakami T, Shimomura N, Kobayashi H, Mawatari

K: Nutraceutical effects of branched-chain amino acids on skeletal muscle. J Nutr 2006,136(2):529–532. Competing interests The authors Dr, MD Tuomo Karila and Dr, MD Timo Seppälä are inventors of HICA patent of “”Nutrient Supplement and use of the same”" and also partners at Oy Elmomed Ltd. The Study was conducted at independent research unit and the leader of the study Dr Mero and the other coauthors have no relationships to any studied substances. Authors’ contributions AAM conceived the study, developed the study design, participated in data acquisition and drafting the manuscript. TO developed the study design, participated in the data acquisition and assisted in drafting the manuscript. JJH assisted with Methocarbamol the design of the study, and the manuscript preparation. RP collected blood samples and analyzed them.

TS and TAMK assisted with the design of the study and drafting the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Traditional endurance training has been shown to improve aerobic capacity, such as the ability to sustain a given submaximal workload for an extended period of time, or to produce a higher average power output over a fixed distance or time [1, 2]. Physiological adaptations from training, resulting from an increase in mitochondrial density, include changes in skeletal muscle substrate utilization and improved respiratory control sensitivity [3]. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient way to induce similar adaptations, such as increased maximal mitochondrial enzyme activity [4] and a reduction in glycogen utilization and lactate accumulation [5, 6].