In two experiments, we examined whether this differential-outcomes
effect depends on using outcomes that differ in hedonic value (e.g., food vs. water). In Experiment 1, we found facilitated retention when a blue houselight followed correct responses to one comparison stimulus and a white houselight followed correct responses to the other, prior to nondifferential presentations of food. In Experiment 2, we found facilitated retention again when a blue houselight followed correct responses to one comparison stimulus and a tone followed correct responses to the other, prior to nondifferential presentations of food. The results of both experiments indicate that the differential-outcomes effect does not depend on a difference in hedonic value of the differential outcomes, and they suggest that outcome anticipations selleck consisting of relatively arbitrary but differential stimulus representations can serve as cues for comparison choice.”
“It
has been suggested that the interaction of antipsychotic medications with neuronal nicotinic receptors may increase the cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia and may explain why current therapies only partially address this core feature of the illness. In the present studies we compared the effects mTOR inhibitor of the atypical antipsychotics quetiapine, clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine to those of the typical antipsychotics haloperidol and chlorpromazine on the alpha 4 beta 2 and alpha 7 nicotinic receptor subtypes.
The binding of [(3)H]-nicotine to rat cortical alpha A beta 2 receptors and [(3)H]-methyllycaconitine to rat hippocampal alpha 7 receptors was not affected by any of the compounds tested. However, Rb(+) efflux evoked either by nicotine or the selective alpha 4 beta 2 agonist TC-1827 from alpha 4 beta 2 receptors expressed in SH-EP1 cells and nicotine-evoked [(3)H]-dopamine release from rat striatal synaptosomes were non-competitively inhibited by all of the antipsychotics. Similarly, alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive epibatidine-evoked [(3)H]-norepinephrine release from rat hippocampal slices and acetylcholine-activated currents of alpha 7 nicotinic receptors expressed in oocytes were inhibited by AZD5153 cell line haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine. The inhibitory effects on nicotinic receptor function produced by the antipsychotics tested occurred at concentrations similar to plasma levels achieved in schizophrenia patients, suggesting that they may lead to clinically relevant effects on cognition. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In the blocking phase of three experiments, rats had to find a submerged platform beneath a spherical landmark in one corner of a triangular pool.