The geomorphic work is defined as the product of magnitude and frequency and gives the total amount of material displaced by a geomorphic event (Guthrie and Evans, 2007). It allows one to evaluate the influence of high-frequency, low-magnitude events in comparison with infrequent, but high-magnitude events. The magnitude of the landslide is here approximated by its landslide volume. The latter is estimated based on the empirical relationship (Eq. (2)) between landslide area and landslide volume established in Guns (2013). equation(2) V=0.237A1.42V=0.237A1.42where Nintedanib molecular weight V is the landslide volume (m3) and A is the landslide area (m2). The geomorphic work is then calculated by multiplying

the landslide volume (m3) with the landslide probability density (m−2) and the total number of landslides in the data

set. The land cover is characterised by páramo, natural forest, degraded forest, shrubs and bushes, tree plantations, pasture, and annual crops. Páramo is the natural shrub and grassland found at high altitudes in the tropical equatorial Andes (Luteyn, 1999). Andean and sub-Andean natural forest can be found at remote locations. It is dominated by trees such as Juglans Regia, Artocarpus Altilis and Elaeis Guineensis. Degraded forest learn more land is widely present. This secondary forest typically lost the structure and species composition that is normally associated with natural forest. Shrubs and bushes result from an early phase of natural regeneration on abandoned agricultural fields or after wild fires or clearcuts. Tree Guanylate cyclase 2C plantations, only presented in Pangor, are mainly constituted by Pinus radiata and Pinus patula. Pastures are destined towards milk production and

agricultural lands towards crops of potato, maize, wheat and bean (in Pangor only). More details on land cover and land cover change can be found in Guns and Vanacker (2013). In Llavircay, about half of the natural forest (692 ha) disappeared between 1963 and 1995 (Fig. 2) with the highest rate of deforestation (42.5 ha y−1) in the period 1963–1973. A fifth of the total area was converted to degraded forest between 1963 and 1995. No land cover change was observed at the highest altitudes (above 3800 m) where the páramo ecosystem was well preserved. The total area of pastures increased by 40% between 1963 and 1995, and it covered about one quarter of Llavircay catchment in 1995 (Fig. 2). In Pangor, the two subcatchments strongly differ in their forest cover dynamics, with rapid deforestation occurring in the Panza catchment and short-rotation plantations in the Virgen Yacu catchment. Land cover change in Virgen Yacu catchment between 1963 and 1989 is rather small in comparison to the 1989–2010 period (Fig. 1). Between 1963 and 1989, the major change observed is an increase of agricultural lands by 6% of the total catchment area.