, 1991; Nakajima et al., 1994). Further, data from our previous work and other studies have established a close linkage between enolase and SS2 virulence (Esgleas et al., 2008; Feng et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009a). Similarly, pyruvate kinase (05SSU0544) is a key

enzyme involved in pneumococcal fermentative metabolism and thereby contributes to the virulence of S. pneumoniae (Yesilkaya et al., 2009). Recent work by Burall et al. (2009) also suggests that the reduced virulence of the ovine pathogen Chlamydia abortus live vaccine strain results from disrupted metabolic activity owing to altered pyruvate kinase expression. Additionally, 5′-nucleotidase is involved in various functions, such as cell–cell communication, nucleic acid repair, the purine salvage pathway for nucleotides synthesis, Pexidartinib clinical trial signal transduction and membrane transport (Hunsucker et al., 2005). In S. suis serotype 9 (SS9), 5′-nucleotidase is recognized as a putative virulence-associated factor based on comparative proteomics analysis (Wu et al., 2008). It should also be noted that many subunits of the F0F1-type ATP synthase locus were less efficiently expressed in the absence of VirR/VirS. However, the role of this enzyme complex in the pathogenesis of SS2 requires further investigation.

Finally, it is notable that the expression of many proteins involved in the stress response is repressed, such as membrane GTPase (05SSU0468), heat shock protein (HSP) 70 (DnaK, 05SSU0300), DnaJ (05SSU0302) and ATP-dependent caseinolytic

proteases (Clp, 05SSU0389 and 05SSU0390). These Selleckchem Ixazomib proteins play fundamental roles in stress tolerance and virulence in many pathogenic bacteria (Bukau & Horwich, 1998; Takaya et al., 2004; Ibrahim et al., 2005; Tu le et al., 2007; Kajfasz et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009b). To validate the proteomic data, the relative ability of the ΔvirRS mutant to survive H2O2-induced oxidative stress was examined. We found that the mutant was significantly more susceptible to the H2O2 treatment than WT, suggesting that VirR/VirS mafosfamide plays a crucial role in the oxidative stress response in S. suis 05ZYH33. In conclusion, the present study provides initial insight into the role of the VirR/VirS system in the physiology and virulence of SS2. Our results demonstrate that although the VirR/S systems of S. suis and C. perfringens are orthologous, the target proteins regulated by these systems are not identical in these two phylogenetically distinct bacteria. This may reflect the adaptation of these pathogens to the specific environments that they encounter during the course of infection. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30971574 and 30901282) and the Pre-Research Foundation of Third Military Medical University (No. 2009XYY02). H.W. and X.S. contributed equally to this work.