Characters as in Hygrocybe, sect. Coccineae, subsect. Squamulosae but differing in presence of dimorphic basidiospores and basidia. Shares dimorphic basidia and spores with Hygrocybe, subg. Hygrocybe, sect. Pseudofirmae but differs in having basidia exceeding
5 times the length of their basidiospores, narrow PXD101 nmr macrobasidia that differ from the microbasidia primarily in length (not width), presence of chains www.selleckchem.com/products/nepicastat-hydrochloride.html of subglobose elements in the pileus hypoderm, often a trichodermial pileipellis rather than an interrupted cutis, and long lamellar trama hyphal elements always absent. Phylogenetic support Sect. Firmae appears in a separate, strongly supported clade in our Hygrocybe LSU analyses (85 % MLBS, Online Resource 7), and ITS analyses of Dentinger et al. (82 % MLBS, unpublished data), but it appears as a grade in our ITS
analysis (Online Resource 8). Our LSU (100 % MLBS, Online Resource 7) and Dentinger et al.’s ITS (93 % MLBS) analyses strongly support placing sect. Firmae as sister to the H. miniata clade, and we show only weak ITS support (47 % ML BS) for including the type of sect. Firmae in the H. miniata clade. The sect. Firmae – H. miniata clade is weakly (39 % MLBS) supported as sister to subsect. Squamulosae in our LSU analysis of tribe Hygrocybeae (Online Resource 7), (but these clades are apart in our ITS-LSU analysis. The ITS analysis by Dentinger et al. (unpublished data) does not place sect. Firmae near subsect. Squamulosae. Species included Type species: Hygrocybe firma. Hygrocybe martinicensis Pegler & Fiard is Acalabrutinib mw included Histone demethylase based on phylogenetic and morphological data. Based on morphology of the pileipellis and mean ratios of basidia to basidiospore lengths, H. anisa (Berk. & Broome) Pegler and possibly H. batistae Singer are tentatively included. Comments Sect. Firmae was delineated by Heinemann (1963) based on presence of dimorphic basidiospores and basidia, and has been recognized by some tropical agaricologists (Cantrell and Lodge 2001, Courtecuisse
1989, Heim 1967; Pegler 1983), but not others (Horak 1971, Singer 1986, Young 2005). It is now apparent based on our phylogenetic analyses that dimorphic basidiospores and basidia arose several times, appearing in two clades of subg. Hygrocybe (sects. Pseudohygrocybe and Velosae) and one strongly supported monophyletic clade (sect. Firmae ss, Dentinger et al., unpublished data) in subg. Pseudohygrocybe. Species in sect. Firmae can be differentiated from those with dimorphic spores and basidia in subg. Hygrocybe based on the micromorphological features noted in the emended diagnosis above. Species in sect. Firmae have narrow macrobasidia, broad hyphae in the pileipellis and globose mixed with stipitate-capitate elements in the hypodermium, similar to the globose to subglobose elements in the hypoderm of H. cantharellus and related species in subsect. Squamulosae (Fig. 10).