Conversely, a higher level of education, fruit, and vegetable intake were LEE011 associated with a decreased risk. The only region-specific factor was the positive association with chili pepper reported in at least five studies.
Competing interests: the authors have no competing interests. “
“Over the last 12 months, new insights into the association of non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters with a range of human diseases in children and adults, including hepatobiliary disease, Crohn’s disease, sepsis, and gastric disease were published. Studies investigating the presence of non-H. pylori Helicobacters in domestic animals reinforce previous findings that cats and dogs harbor gastric Helicobacter species and thus may be an important source of these organisms in humans. The confounding effect of enterohepatic Helicobacters on the outcome of biomedical research was investigated in several studies and led to recommendations that animals should be
screened prior to performing experiments. A number of important and novel investigations regarding pathogenic mechanisms and immune responses Autophagy Compound Library to enterohepatic Helicobacters were conducted. Genomic advances in non-H. pylori Helicobacters included description of the complete genome of Helicobacter canadensis, delineation of two Helicobacter bilis genomospecies, and identification of a novel cis-regulatory RNA. New insights concerning growth conditions, biochemical characterization, and the effect of certain dietary compounds on Helicobacter spp. have also been reported. In a study conducted in 77 children diagnosed with chronic liver disease, Casswall et al. using a Helicobacter genus-specific PCR, detected Helicobacter spp. Dichloromethane dehalogenase DNA in a liver biopsy from 1 child (4.2%) with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), 3 children (11.1%) with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and 8.0% of controls. Sequencing of the PCR products
from AIH and PSC children showed these to be mostly similar to Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter muridarum, Helicobacter canis and Helicobacter pylori, and to Helicobacter hepaticus, and Helicobacter pullorum in the controls [1]. Culture, nested PCR, and serology were used by Hamada et al. to determine the presence of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. (EHH) in bile samples from patients with cholelithiasis (n = 60), cholecystitis and gastric cancer (n = 28), gall bladder polyps (n = 6), and 32 controls. Based on PCR and serology, H. hepaticus DNA was observed in 41% of cholelithiasis patients and 36% of cholecystitis and gastric cancer patients, which was significantly higher (p = 0.029) than in the two other groups. The authors concluded that H. hepaticus may be associated with diseases of the liver and biliary tract of humans [2]. In a further study, Kosaka et al. used Helicobacter bilis-specific primers to determine the presence of H.