Conversely, six proteins were down-regulated Selleckchem RSL-3 on glucose, of which four were involved in glycolysis. The inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase (GuaB), involved in purine metabolism, and the putative oxidoreductase Lsa0165 were down-regulated, whereas the elongation factor Ts (EF-Ts) was up-regulated on ribose. An overview of the catabolic pathways for glucose (glycolysis) and ribose (phosphoketolase pathway) utilization in L. sakei is shown in Figure 2. Proteins whose expression was modified in cells grown on ribose are shown. Figure 2 Overview

of the metabolic pathways for glucose and ribose fermentation in L. sakei. Enzymes which expression is up- or down-regulated on ribose compared with glucose in the majority of the ten L. sakei strains (see Additional file 1, Table S2) are indicated with upward and downward pointing arrows, respectively. End-products are boxed. PTS, phosphotransferase

system; T, transport protein; P, phosphate; B, bis; Glk, glucokinase; Pgi, phosphoglucoisomerase; Fbp, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; Pfk, 6-phosphofructokinase; Fba, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; RbsU, ribose transporter; RbsD, D-ribose pyranase; RbsK, ribokinase; Rpi, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase; Rpe, ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase; Xpk, xylulose-5-phosphate phosphoketolase; Tpi, triose-phosphate isomerase; GapA, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Pgk, phosphoglycerate kinase; Gpm3, phosphoglycerate mutase; Eno, enolase; Pyk, pyruvate kinase; LdhL, L-lactate dehydrogenase; PdhBD, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex subunits B and D; mafosfamide Pox1,2, pyruvate oxidase; HDAC inhibitor Ack, acetate kinase; GlpD, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GlpK,

glycerol kinase; GlpF, glycerol uptake facilitator protein. It is likely that the induction of RbsK and Xpk and hence the phosphoketolase pathway in the cells restricts the flow of carbon down the glycolytic route. In many microorganisms, the glycolytic flux depends on the activity of 6-phosphofructokinase (Pfk) and pyruvate kinase (Pyk) [47, 48]. Similar to several other LAB [48–50] these two enzymes are encoded from a pfk-pyk operon [34], and as reflected at the level of genetic structure, a lower expression of both enzymes was seen on ribose in all strains examined. A lower expression of Pfk was also observed by Stentz et al. [17] during growth on ribose. The glycolytic enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) and a phosphoglycerate mutase (Gpm3) showed a lower expression in most of the strains, and interestingly, strains LS 25 and MF1058 showed a lower expression of three more glycolytic enzymes compared to the rest of the strains. It is possible that these strains have a more efficient mechanism of down-regulating the glycolytic pathway. LS 25 is an industrially used starter culture for fermented sausages, while MF1058 is suitable as a protective culture in vacuum packed fresh meat [9, 10].