CrossRef 30. Laudise RA, Ballman AA: Hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide and zinc sulfide. SRT2104 cell line J Phys Chem 1960, 64:688.CrossRef 31. Ko SH, Lee D, Kang HW, Nam KH, Yeo JY, Hong SJ, Grigoropoulos CP, Sung HJ:

Nanoforest of hydrothermally grown hierarchical ZnO nanowires for a high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell. Nano Lett 2011, 11:666.CrossRef 32. Baxter JB, Walker AM, van Ommering K, Aydil ES: Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanowires and their integration into dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnology 2006, 17:S304.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no any competing interests. Authors’ contributions HL participated in the design of experiments and AZD8931 in vitro drafted the manuscript. KD participated in the analysis of TEM and IV data. ZS participated in the experiment of XRD and data analysis. QL participated in the analysis of IV and SEM. GZ participated in the collection of SEM and analysis of data. HF participated in the collection of HRTEM and analysis of data. LL participated in the design and analysis of data and revision of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background this website Graphene attracts enormous interest

due to its unique properties, such as high charge carrier mobility and optical transparency, in addition to flexibility, high mechanical strength, environmental stability [1–3]. These properties have already had a huge impact on fundamental science and are making graphene and graphene-based materials very promising for the whole series of applications starting with electronics and ending with medicine [2, 3]. It should be noted that currently the studies dealing with graphene are not limited to single-layer samples; the structures containing two or more graphene layers

are also of interest [4]. In addition to deepening the understanding of the fundamental aspects of this material, the present stage of graphene research should DOCK10 target applications and manufacturing processes. Large-scale and cost-effective production methods are required with the balance between ease of fabrication and materials’ quality [2, 3]. The placement of graphene on arbitrary substrates is also of key importance to its applications. The ideal approach would be to directly grow graphene where required (including dielectric surfaces). Despite the fact that at present there are quite a few proposed methods for the preparation of graphene films, we are still far from these goals [3]. Therefore, further development of the existing methods of graphene film production as well as invention of new ones is in order. Our first attempts to deposit graphene films directly onto the Si-SiO2 substrate should be considered in view of the abovementioned requirements. The close space sublimation (CSS) technique is very attractive in this sense because it is simple, inexpensive, and can be adapted for industrial use. Here we report our research into growing graphene films using CSS at atmospheric pressure.