Leakage of joint fluid into the sheath of a joint nerve branch, which is subsequently pumped into the nerve sheath of a main nerve, is the pathophysiological substrate of intraneural ganglia [36] and [37]. Ultrasonography characteristically shows multiple

well-defined anechoic cysts within the continuity of the nerve, which are filled with joint fluid and displace the nerve fascicles (Fig. 6). Most ganglia arise from the superior tibio-fibular joint involving either the common peroneal or the tibial nerve, but they may also affect the tibial nerve at the ankle or the ulnar nerve at the elbow. A recent study by Visser www.selleckchem.com/products/a-1210477.html [36] has demonstrated that intraneural ganglia account for approximately 18% of peroneal mononeuropathies at the fibular head, which underlines that ultrasonography is PCI-32765 solubility dmso a valuable examination technique that is complementary to electrodiagnostic studies in these patients. In summary, ultrasonography of peripheral nerves is a valuable adjunctive modality in the clinical neurophysiology laboratory. Information on pathologic changes

in nerve structure and in the adjacent tissue in conjunction with information obtained by electrodiagnostic studies on the severity and chronicity of a disturbed nerve function and on the underlying demyelinating or axonal process may provide a more comprehensive picture of peripheral nerve diseases

compared to what can be provided by each modality alone [38]. Furthermore, information on nerve structure are often indispensable for clinical decision second making. With respect to that purpose, ultrasonography is superior to magnetic resonance imaging in several aspects including not only costs, accessibility, portability, speed of examination, and patient comfort, but also technical properties such as spatial resolution and the ability to perform dynamic examinations during limb movements. Ultrasonography offers neuromuscular clinicians a unique opportunity to conduct both complementary examination modalities by themselves without referring patients to another laboratory. Currently, however, only a few neuromuscular clinicians are familiar with neuromuscular ultrasound. More efforts are necessary toward establishing examination guidelines and launching educational programs with appropriate certification by relevant accrediting societies to achieve a more widespread use of ultrasonography in clinical neurophysiology laboratories. The author declares that there is no actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, his work.