Long-term knowledge was assessed by comparing scores as students advanced in grade from year 1 to 2 of the program (K to first, first to second, etc.). At six schools during year 2, pedestrian behavior was measured through direct observation of
children on city streets before and after administering the program. The project was approved by university and school board institutional review boards.
Results: During the 2 years, 1,564 students from nine schools were educated. this website In both years of the program, students in all grades had a significant gain in test scores immediately after and at 3 months compared with baseline knowledge. In contrast, only students moving from grade 3 to 4 demonstrated long-term retention (K -> 1: 7.7 vs. 6.7; grade 1 -> 2: 7.8 vs. 6.7; grade 2 -> 3: 7.3 vs. 6.8; grade 3 -> 4: 7.1 vs. 8.0; all p < 0.05 year 2 pretest vs. year 1 3-month posttest; analysis of variance and generalized linear model). Only 30% of children walk with an adult. Direct observation showed 64% of children stopped at the curb but only 8% looked left-right-left. Children walking alone were more likely to cross mid-block compared www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-525334.html with those walking with an adult (12% vs. 3%; p < 0.001) and also tend
to look left-right-left significantly more than those walking with an adult (67% vs. 20%; p < 0.0001).
Conclusions: A one-time annual educational program resulted in long-term knowledge retention between grades 3 and 4 only. In contrast, scores in younger grades reverted to baseline pretest values seen in year 1. Short-and intermediate-term knowledge gains were seen in all grades for both years. Because older children more often walk alone, we AMPK inhibitor postulate that the improved retention may be the result of repeated exposure and practice as a pedestrian. Cognitive knowledge did not appear to translate into improved pedestrian behavior. Walking with an adult also had a negative impact on observed pedestrian safety behavior.
The efficacy and impact of a one-time educational program may be insufficient to change long-term behavior and must be reevaluated.”
“Patients with branch atheromatous disease (BAD) are more likely to experience neurologic deficits compared with those with lacunar infarction (LI), although both disorders are forms of intracranial deep brain infarction. We clinically evaluated patients with BAD (n = 42) and LI (n = 57) to investigate why patients with BAD tend to experience progressing stroke. Patients presenting to our hospital with acute ischemic stroke between April 2008 and March 2009 were screened. LI was defined as an intracerebral lesion <15 mm in diameter and fewer than 3 slices or a lesion within the pontine parenchyma. BAD was defined as an intracerebral lesion of >= 15 mm in diameter and more than 3 slices or a lesion extending to the surface of the pontine base observed on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.