Phosphorylation of both Y705 and S727 residues was reduced in PTPRO-overexpressing cells, indicating that PTPRO expression inhibited STAT3 activity (Fig. 5A). Moreover, STAT3 Y705 and S727 phosphorylation was detected in tissue proteins from ptpro−/− and WT mice. Both western blotting and IHC staining exhibited escalated phosphorylation

levels of Y705 and S727 (Fig. 5B,C). In addition, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 were found to be down-regulated in PTPRO-overexpressing HCC cells; these findings serve to explain the modified cell proliferation and apoptosis. We further evaluated the correlation between PTPRO level and STAT3 activity with 50 paraffin-embedded human HCC tissue slices. Two cases of HCC with different PTPRO expression levels are shown in Fig. 5D: case selleck screening library 1 (weak positive) and case 2 (negative). phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) Selleck PF2341066 levels were extensively down-regulated in case 1. Pearson’s

correlation analysis demonstrated the inversely linear relationship between p-STAT3 and PTPRO levels in HCC (Fig. 5E; PTPRO and p-STAT3 [Y705]: r2 = 0.3536, P < 0.001; PTPRO and p-STAT3 [S727]: r2 = 0.4464, P < 0.001). Taken together, these findings indicated that PTPRO suppressed HCC by control of STAT3 activation. Because PTPRO exhibited an effective role in STAT3 inactivation, we further investigated PTPRO-mediated signaling, through which STAT3 phosphorylation was directly regulated. Published data indicated that JAK2 played the role of a typical activator of STAT3; because p-JAK2 (Y1007) phosphorylation has been demonstrated

to be associated with JAK2 activity, we assessed its expression in HCC cells and mice using western blotting and IHC staining. p-JAK2 level was decreased in PTPRO-overexpressing HCC cells and increased in ptpro−/− mice (Fig. 6A,D). We then treated HCC cells with JAK2 inhibitor (AG490)40 and found that PTPRO-overexpressing HCC cells exhibited a higher level of Y705 phosphorylation and a lower level in S727 (Fig. 7B). This finding suggested that PTPRO controlled STAT3 Y705 phosphorylation through JAK2. Because STAT3 Y705 dephosphorylation was potentially the result of inactivated Benzatropine JAK2, we were intent to identify the pathway of S727 dephosphorylation regarding PTPRO regulation. Because c-Src-mediated JNK, MAPK p38, and ERK pathways activated STAT3 at both the Y705 and S727 sites, we determined the level of p-c-Src (Y527), p-c-Src (Y416), p-JNK1, p-p38, and p-ERK in PTPRO-overexpressing cells and ptpro−/− mice. p-c-Src (Y527) and p-c-Src (Y416) levels were both decreased in PTPRO-overexpressing HCC cells and increased in ptpro−/− mice (Fig. 6B,D). However, our findings confirmed that Y527 and Y416 phosphorylation levels were divergent in terms of kinase activity.