Robinson Ramírez-Vélez received a grant from Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología ‘Francisco José de Caldas’) to undertake a doctorate (Grant Colciencias/Icetex No 067/2002). selleck chemical “
“Nocturnal leg cramps are suddenly occurring, episodic, painful, sustained, involuntary muscle contractions of the calf muscles, hamstrings, or foot muscles (Monderer et al 2010, Sontag and Wanner, 1988). During the cramp, the involved muscles are tender and hard on palpation. The pain that occurs with these contractions

is sharp and intense and may last from seconds to several minutes. Although they are otherwise benign, nocturnal leg cramps can cause substantial distress and can disrupt sleep. In 20% of people who experience nocturnal leg cramps, cramps also occur during the daytime (Monderer et al 2010). The cramps sometimes occur in episodes a few days a week, see more during which they repeat themselves (Kanaan and Sawaya, 2001, Stewart et al 1993, Monderer et al 2010). Although the insults generally persist for no longer than ten minutes, in exceptional situations they can continue

for several hours. In approximately 2% of cases, nocturnal leg cramps occur weekly (Abdulla et al 1999). Nocturnal leg cramps occur more commonly with advancing age, affecting between 38% and 50% of the elderly (Butler et al 2002, Abdulla et al 1999, Sontag and Wanner, 1988). Nocturnal leg cramps are more prevalent among women and among people with comorbidities, especially those with neurological and cardiovascular diseases (Butler et al 2002, Stewart et al 1993). It is important to distinguish nocturnal

leg cramps from restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder, because all are sleep disorders characterised by abnormal leg movements and reduced sleep quality. However, restless legs syndrome involves more continuous discomfort and the urge to move the legs, occurs during the day also, and is relieved by movement. Periodic limb movement disorder causes involuntary limb movements (primarily of the legs) during sleep, recurring at brief intervals, but not necessarily waking the person (Khassanweh 2005). Therefore, the diagnosis of nocturnal leg cramps can be based on reports Ketotifen of episodes of painful involuntary contractions of muscles, affecting the leg, calf, or foot, which occur at night and which recur at sporadic intervals (Kanaan and Sawaya, 2001, Butler et al 2002). What is already known on this topic: Nocturnal leg cramps are common among the elderly, causing pain and sleep disturbance. The medications used to prevent nocturnal leg cramps have variable efficacy and may have substantial side effects. What this study adds: Nightly stretching of the calves and hamstrings reduces the frequency of nocturnal leg cramps in older adults. Nightly stretching also lessens the pain associated with any cramps that continue to occur. The cause of nocturnal leg cramps is unknown.