subtilis and Ply500 in L. monocytogenes bacteriophage A500 [23, 25] and D-alanoyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidases [26]. The SH3_5 Selleck AZD1390 domain at the C-terminus was found in the putative lysins of Bacillus bacterial strains, Bacillus phages and Lactobacillus

phages (Figure 1a), suggesting that this domain is the cell wall binding domain. Biochemical characterization showed that the LysB4 endolysin was slightly alkalophilic, because activity was optimal at pH 8.0-10.0. It was also slightly thermophilic, with an optimal temperature of 50°C. The maximal lytic activity occurred in the absence of NaCl. This enzyme required a divalent metal ion, such as Zn2+ or Mn2+, for full enzymatic activity. A similar requirement for divalent cations was seen for Ply500 in L. monocytogenes https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tideglusib.html bacteriophage A500 [23]. The other characterized L-alanoyl-D-glutamate peptidase, T5 endolysin requires Ca2+ instead of

Zn2+ or Mn2+ [24]. The requirement of Zn2+ or Mn2+ is supported by protein sequence analysis, because LysB4 has the three Zn2+-coordinating residues (His80, Asp87, His133) of Ply500, and the Zn2+-binding domain (SxHxxGxAxD) [22]. Endolysins are generally known to be highly specific against particular species Selleck FHPI of bacteria. However, LysB4 showed lytic activity against a broad range of bacterial species. LysB4 showed similar activity toward susceptible Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, whereas other reported L-alanoyl-D-glutamate endopeptidases have a much narrower target host range [23]. LysB4 could lyse not only B. cereus strains but also other Gram-positive bacteria such as B. subtilis and L. monocytogenes strains. In addition, this enzyme also showed lytic activity toward Gram-negative bacteria when treated with EDTA. Most Gram-negative bacteria contain the Alγ type peptidoglycan, and Bacillus species and L. monocytogenes have the Alγ type cell wall as well [23, 24, 27, 28]. Thus, LysB4 probably targets Alγ type peptidoglycan. This relatively broad antibacterial spectrum of LysB4 was surprising, given the narrow host range of the bacteriophage B4. Bacteriophage B4 only targets

one strain of B. cereus (strain ATCC 10876) of five tested B. cereus strains and other Gram-positive bacterial species including L. monocytogenes strains, S. aureus, Acetophenone and Ent. faecalis (Shin et al. unpublished). This suggests that there are more bacterial species with the LysB4 cell wall recognition site than those containing the bacteriophage B4 receptor. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the moiety targeted by the LysB4 cell-wall binding SH3_5 domain. Conclusions LysB4 is the first characterized L-alanoyl-D-glutamate endopeptidase originating from a B. cereus bacteriophage. Although LysB4 has similar enzymatic and genetic properties to Ply500 from L. monocytogenes bacteriophage, LysB4 has broader spectrum and can lyse both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including a number of foodborne pathogens.