The American view [6] is much clearer, specifying relative contra-indications under clinical, social and procedural categories. Clinical contra-indications in the US include thyrotoxicosis and pre-existing vocal paresis alongside criteria applicable to any day case procedure (cardiorespiratory co-morbidity, morbid obesity, etc.). Social factors consider the home UMI-77 manufacturer environment, availability of primary carer, distance

from hospital, communication difficulties, patient preference and understanding. Within the procedural category, contra-indications include large volume glands and retrosternal extension, plus specific intra-operative factors to reduce the risk of complications; anaesthetic choice, type and extent of surgery, nerve monitoring, haemostasis, parathyroid gland management, wound closure and extubation. For safe postoperative care, there are suggested discharge criteria (absence of neck swelling, dysphagia etc.) and emphasis on the importance of nursing and patient/carer education for the recognition of complications. Unilateral

surgery compared to total thyroidectomy carries a reduced risk of laryngeal nerve dysfunction, postoperative hypocalcaemia and potentially a reduced risk of bleeding and its consequences given the smaller operative field. Indeed, unilateral surgery has been suggested as generally more suitable [16] and [19]. An Austrian groups’ review of over 30,000 thyroidectomies [24] would appear to support this position since no patient in their review developed Volasertib a haematoma after undergoing unilateral

surgery (92 of 8783 procedures, 1% cases) or became symptomatic after 20 hours. Thyroid surgery is unique to other day case procedures in that it is associated with a small but definite risk of life-threatening complications. Mortality incidence from population series are less than one per-cent [10] and [11] but the risk of death following a significant postoperative complication is unquantified. Reliability of more specific outcome data from complications is liable to publication bias, possibly more so in the day case setting where complications are notable by their Linifanib (ABT-869) low incidence in some single centre series. Even in Tuggle’s state-wide review of over 1000 thyroidectomies [17] where the emergency room visit and re-admission rate of 7.8 and 2.3 per-cent respectively seem typical [13] and [16] the total bleed rate of under 0.2% is either a reflection of high volume surgeon performance or under-reporting. The three main risks of thyroid surgery are airway obstruction from haemorrhage/laryngeal oedema, vocal cord paresis and tetany from severe hypocalcaemia. This section will consider these in turn, along with recommendations to mitigate their occurrence and impact. When postoperative complications do occur, their recognition with prompt and effective management is critical.