The trend toward worse outcome in women needs further study. (J Vasc Surg 2012;)”
“Proper folding of the (Gly-Xaa-Yaa)(n) sequence of animal collagens requires adjacent N- or C-terminal noncollagenous trimerization

domains which often contain coiled-coil or beta sheet structure. Collagen-like www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-1-pd-l1-inhibitor-3.html proteins have been found recently in a number of bacteria, but little is known about their folding mechanism. The Scl2 collagen-like protein from Streptococcus pyogenes has an N-terminal globular domain, designated V(sp), adjacent to its triple-helix domain. The V(sp) domain is required for proper refolding of the Scl2 protein in vitro. Here, recombinant V(sp) domain alone is shown to form trimers with a significant alpha-helix content and to have a thermal stability of T(m) = 45 degrees C. Buparlisib ic50 Examination of a new construct shows that the V(sp) domain facilitates efficient in vitro refolding only when it is located N-terminal to the triple-helix domain but not when C-terminal to the triple-helix domain. Fusion of the V(sp) domain N-terminal to a heterologous (Gly-Xaa-Yaa)(n) sequence from Clostridium perfringens led to correct folding

and refolding of this triplehelix, which was unable to fold into a triple-helical, soluble protein on its own. These results suggest that placement of a functional trimerization module adjacent to a heterologous Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeating sequence can lead selleckchem to proper folding in some cases but also shows specificity in the relative location of the trimerization

and triple-helix domains. This information about their modular nature can be used in the production of novel types of bacterial collagen for biomaterial applications.”
“We previously demonstrated the critical role of noradrenergic transmission within the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) in pain-induced aversion. We showed that activation of beta-adrenoceptors in this brain region by intra-vBNST injection of isoproterenol, a (beta-adrenoceptor agonist, produced aversive responses. In the present study, we examined the effects of a beta-adrenoceptor agonist injected into the vBNST on food intake and anxiety-like behaviors in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Bilateral intra-vBNST injection of isoproterenol (3 and 10 nmol/side) caused a dose-dependent decrease in food intake; this suppressive effect was reversed by co-administration of timolol, a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. Dose-dependent (10 and 30 nmol/side) induction of anxiety-like behaviors by isoproterenol was observed in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, which was also reversed by co-administration of timolol. Off-site control injections of isoproterenol into the lateral ventricle did not show any significant effect in the food consumption and EPM tests.