This plasmid was mobilized by a triparental mating to the wild-type strain 1021 for replacement of the hfq gene by the modified allele. Four out of the 18 colonies screened by colony PCR
after the second cross-over event were found this website to incorporate the 3 × FLAG coding sequence and were kept for further Western analysis with commercial FLAG antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich). All plasmid constructs requiring previous PCR amplification of the cloned inserts were checked by sequencing. The correct genomic arrangements in all the S. meliloti hfq derivative strains were assessed by Southern hybridization of genomic DNA with the appropriate radioactive labeled dsDNA probes using standard protocols. Transcriptomics Total rhizobial RNA was purified from log cultures in TY broth (10 ml)
using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following manufacturers instructions. Cy3- and Cy5-labeled cDNAs were prepared from 20 μg total RNA according to an amino-allyl dye coupling protocol as previously described [66, 67]. Two slide (Sm14KOLI microarrays) hybridizations were performed with labeled cDNA from RNA preparations corresponding to 3 independent bacterial cultures following described protocols [67, 68]. This represents a total of 12 potential hybridization data per spot. Slides were scanned with the GenePixTM Personal 4100A Microarray Scanner (MDS Analytical Fulvestrant ic50 Technologies Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Mean hybridization signal and mean local background intensities were determined for each spot of the microarray images
with the GenePix 5.0 software for spot detection, image segmentation and signal quantification (MDS Analytical Technologies Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The log2 value of the ratio of intensities was determined for each spot according to M i = log2(R i /G i ), being R i = I ch1i – Bgch1i and G i = Ich2i – Bgch2i ; where I ch1i and Ich2i are the signal intensities in channels 1 and 2, respectively, and Bgch1i and Bgch2i are the background intensities of each spot in channels 1 and 2, respectively. The mean intensity (A i ) was calculated for each spot using the formula: A i = log2(R i G i )0.5 [67]. Normalization and t-statistics were carried out with the EMMA 2.8.2 software developed at the Bioinformatics Phospholipase D1 Resource Facility, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University (https://www.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/groups/brf/software/emma/cgi-bin/emma2.cgi[69]) which implements a normalization method based on local regression accounting for intensity and spatial dependence in dye biases [70]. Genes were scored as differentially expressed if the confidence indicator P was ≤ 0.05, the mean intensity A ≥ 8 and the expression ratio M ≥ 1 or ≤ -1, as calculated from at least eight of the 12 replicates per spot. Proteomics Preparation of protein extracts and 2D-gel electrophoresis were carried out essentially as described previously [71]. The S. meliloti wild-type 2011 and derivative strains 2011-1.