Thus, reflective attention selects, maintains, and manipulates information from working memory and long-term memory and promotes long-lasting memories (Craik and Lockhart, 1972, Roediger and Karpicke, 2006 and Tulving, 1962). For example, in one study comparing refreshing to perceptual repetition, participants viewed and read aloud words as they appeared one at a time. Some words appeared and were read aloud only once, some words appeared and were read aloud twice in succession (repeated—perceptual processing), and other words were read once and

followed by a cue that signaled participants to think of (refresh) the immediately preceding word and say it out loud. A surprise test at the end of the http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Fludarabine(Fludara).html experiment revealed greater recognition memory for words that had been refreshed than words that had been read once or read twice (Johnson et al., 2002). Even greater effects on long-term memory are yielded when information is reactivated and retrieved on different occasions over time (Roediger and Karpicke, 2006). If accurate source features are revived, reflectively reviving events can protect against memory distortion (Henkel, 2004). Do representations that are the outcome of perceptual attention also serve as targets for reflective attention? Reflection modulates activity

in many of the same representational areas as perceptual attention. For example, both refreshing and rehearsing modulate activity in posterior areas involved in perception (Curtis and D’Esposito, 2003, Harrison and Tong, 2009, Johnson et al., selleckchem 2009 and Ranganath et al., 2005). Johnson et al. (2009) directly compared selective perceptual and reflective ADP ribosylation factor attention and found similar effects on sensory representations (Figure 1). Participants were shown a scene and a face on each trial and were either cued in advance to attend perceptually to the scene or face or cued after the stimulus was removed to refresh the scene or the face. Both perception (attend) and reflection (refresh) showed comparable enhancement and suppression effects relative to a passive viewing condition. Although perceptual representations and refreshed representations in working

memory may engage the same brain areas, long-term memory representations could be coded in areas different from those of the processes that gave rise to them (Barsalou, 2008). However, fMRI evidence suggests that long-term memory often involves reactivation of the same areas engaged during encoding. Retrieving visual events during long-term memory tasks activates visual cortex, while retrieving auditory events from memory activates auditory cortex (Wheeler et al., 2000). Importantly, the extent to which encoding activity is reinstated during long-term remembering depends in part on what reflective agenda is engaged during remembering (McDuff et al., 2009). Further evidence that perception and reflection may each later re-engage the same representations comes from a study in which Turk-Browne et al.