To produce a template for NTS probe the primers used were 5′T3ASNTS3 (CGCGAATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGGCAAGTGAATGCATTCGCGAC) and 3′fullASNTS3 (GGGTTTGGAGGTATAAGG) where T3 promoter sites (including adaptor region) are underlined. The template for Al-1 siRNAs probe was performed as described by Catalanotto et al. [22]. Single-stranded RNA probes were transcribed with 32P-labeled uridine triphosphate (50

μCi per 20 μL reaction volume; specific activity 3000 Ci/mmole; New England Nuclear), using T3 RNA polymerase (Roche). To remove plasmid template, the reaction was incubated at 37°C for 15 min with this website RNase-free DNase I (Roche). To break labelled transcripts to an average size of 50 nt, 600 μL of 80 mM sodium bicarbonate and 120 mM sodium carbonate were added to the transcriptional reaction and incubated at 60°C for 3 h. To stop the hydrolysis reaction of the transcript, 50 μL of 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.0) was added [8]. RT PCR Reverse transcription

(RT) was done with Super-Script II Reverse transcriptase (GS-9973 datasheet Invitrogen) after digestion with DNase, according to the manufacturer’s conditions except as follows: the amount of total RNA was 5 μg, and the amount of gene-specific primer was 2 pmol. Reverse transcription was carried out with specific oligo in order to retrotranscribed forward and reverse transcripts derived from NTS region of rDNA locus. The oligo used (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate was RRTNTS (CGAGGGCCTGTGCAGGGTAG) for Reverse transcripts and FRTNTS for Forward transcripts (CCTAAAGACTAAACCATTCCCA) and LOXO-101 manufacturer RTactin (AGATAAACCATTCCCAGCC) for actin gene transcript, which are immediately upstream of the two primers used for NTS (5′-TAGGTAAGAAGGACCGAGAG and 5-AAGACTAAACCATTCCCAGC) and actin (5′-CCCAAGTCCAACCGTGAGAA and 5′-GGACGATACCGGTGGTACGA) PCR amplification respectively. One-tenth of the RT reaction volume was used for the radioactive PCRs, which were performed using the NTS primer

pair and actin in the same reaction. The PCR products were run on a 6% non denaturant polyacrilamide gel in TBE 1× and analyzed by electronic autoradiography (Packard Instant Imager). rDNA copy number quantification For quantification of rDNA copy number variation between wilde-type and quelling mutants, we performed a quantitative real time PCR on serial dilutions of genomic DNA, using a real-time PCR machine as above. A 10-fold serial dilution of genomic DNA was used to construct the standard curves. We used a couple of primers to amplify the 17S region of the rDNA locus and the primers to amplify a single copy gene (the endogenous Al-1 gene). The Cp value for rDNA are normalized to the single copy genes Al-1 and related to the wild-type strains.