Transforming growth factor-β apparently plays a role in both the emergence of SMF and in the changes in the malignant cells. This is supported by the observed trend of its higher expression in cases with abundant SMF and frequent tumor cells co-expressing epithelial membrane antigen and α-smooth muscle actin. The present results justify investigations on a larger scale to assess whether the frequency of the carcinoma cells undergoing such modifications may be correlated with variations in the biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma and clinical outcomes [37]. Realizing 4-Hydroxytamoxifen molecular weight that the SMF are part of the tumor that contribute to its progression and that the malignant cells are in
a dynamic state of changing phenotypes toward a mesenchymal differentiation could help explain the partial response to routine anti-cancer treatment approaches as is often seen in oral squamous cell carcinoma, implying that future cancer therapies would have to target stromal constituents and should not focus solely on “conventional” cancer cells. Acknowledgements The authors would like
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