Unlike the hunting practices of the RAC and their pluralistic workforce, who targeted specific species often with far-reaching consequences, the environmental impact of the California mission system represented a fundamental shift in the relationship between the region’s human inhabitants and their environment. From the outset, the mission colonies were designed to be self-sufficient agricultural producers, relying primarily on foodstuffs from the Old World and Mesoamerica. Mission colonies in California wrought widespread changes in their local environments as non-native

Roxadustat cell line plants and animals were introduced, land was cleared for agriculture, irrigation buy PLX-4720 systems were constructed, rangelands were established, and indigenous fire management practices were suppressed (Dartt-Newton

and Erlandson, 2006 and West, 1989). Although the diverse climates of Alta and Baja California presented significant challenges, the goal everywhere was the same: to remake the Californias in a European, agrarian mold. The Jesuit (and later Franciscan and Dominican) missionaries in southern and central Baja California sometimes struggled with local conditions as they strove to meet their own expectations of agricultural output and cultural comportment. Crosby (1994:209–211), for example, suggested that Jesuit desire for bread led to many years of failed wheat crops despite the seemingly obvious fact that the most arid portions of peninsula ADP ribosylation factor were not well suited to its production. The Jesuits also required individual missions to produce up to 2000 bushels of cotton

per year presumably at no little cost in land, labor, and water so that their neophytes would not need to clothe themselves in their traditional (immodest) manner. Although no Jesuit missions achieved long-term agricultural self-sufficiency, the missions and their associated outstations made a significant impact on their local environments. At the central desert missions, located in the most arid portion of the peninsula, livestock herds included cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, mules, and donkeys; and many missions in the region were able to plant modest (ca. 50–200 acres) amounts of grains such as wheat, maize, and barley. San Borja, one of the more prosperous missions in the central desert reported 648 cattle, 2343 sheep, 1003 goats, and 305 horses in 1773, just after it passed from Jesuit control (Aschmann, 1959:209–233). Compared to their southern cousins in Baja California, the Alta California missions were agricultural juggernauts.