WH 7803 possess none of these two negative output regulators. Diversity in cyanobacterial Kai-based timing systems appears to be evident primarily regarding the central oscillator and the input components rather than on the output side of the system. It appears reasonable, that differences in behavior and metabolic characteristics may need different input pathways, and that some cyanobacterial life styles may require more robust, self-sustained oscillations than others. For at least some examples, it seems possible Venetoclax to correlate this diversity with habitat, metabolic characteristics or behavior of the organisms. UCYN-A for example, with its

reduced genome and lack of oxygen-evolving photosystem II, can also fix nitrogen during the day. Therefore, a timed regulation of this process is not needed, which could be a possible explanation for a reduced Kai system. Other Cyanobacteria in aquatic environments, for example, produce gas vesicles and might adjust their position in the water

column to efficiently absorb light and possibly to prevent predation by zooplankton (Beard et al., 2002, Damerval et al., 1989, Damerval et al., 1991, van Gremberghe et al., 2008, Walsby, 1994 and Williams, 2009). Furthermore, this feature contributes to the ability to form large surface blooms. Nodularia is one of many Cyanobacteria harboring gas vesicles that provide buoyancy. selleck It dominates late-summer cyanobacterial blooms and scums in the Baltic Sea and can be found in brackish water ecosystems throughout the world ( Voß et al., 2013). One may speculate that a real free-running, temperature-compensated circadian clock would be a useful tool in regulation of buoyancy, and that external stimuli might be too unsteady to correctly time this behavior. Variations in the timing system are not only seen between KaiABC-based

and KaiBC-based timing systems. The multiple copies of kaiB and kaiC found in some marine Cyanobacteria discussed in Section 3.3 and their lineage within the phylogeny tree suggest functions of KaiB and KaiC diverse from circadian regulation, at least selleck compound for some of them. In this respect, elucidation of roles of the homologous circadian clock proteins in marine Cyanobacteria would profoundly help to understand the evolutionary history of the Kai proteins, their impact on temporal regulation of intracellular activities and the adaptive significance of the clock. So far KaiC from MED4 represents the only clock homolog of a marine cyanobacterium for which biochemical data are present. But, taking into account the structural and biochemical information available for KaiC proteins from S. elongatus and Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 the activity of KaiC proteins from further marine species can be predicted. A sequence alignment of KaiC proteins from the marine species analyzed in Table 1 and S. elongatus-KaiC ( Fig.