, 2007). In addition, red wine is a complex matrix that contains large Selleck PD0325901 quantities of organic materials (phenolics and non-phenolics), inorganic materials (minerals), and enzymes that affect directly the biological activity of the wine. Thus, although we identified the three compounds with the greatest contribution to the antioxidant activity, their concentration is not enough to predict the antioxidant

value of red wines. Table 3 shows that none of the phenolic compounds evaluated in this study could be associated with the sensory difference among clusters. This result indicates that other compounds, especially the volatile ones, may be primarily responsible for sensory differences among wines. AZD2281 chemical structure In this regard, Cejudo-Bastante, Hermosín-Gutiérrez, and Pérez-Coello

(2011) studied the phenolic composition and sensory attributes of Merlot wines from Spain and verified that the phenolics (caffeic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids, flavonols, and monomeric anthocyanins) in wines that underwent micro-oxygenation and ageing in an American oak barrel for 25 days did not change significantly (p > 0.05). However, the authors noticed that the concentration of aldehydes, alcohols, terpenes, isoprenoids, and benzenic compounds increased significantly (p < 0.05), along with the ROS1 odour and aromatic qualities of these wines. Similarly, Sáenz-Navajas, Campo, Fernández-Zurbano, Valentin, and Ferreira (2010) studied the effect of polyphenols and volatile compounds on the sensory properties of Chardonay and Tempranillo wines and found that polyphenols

are responsible for astringency and bitterness in wines, but had no significant impact on odour, and that taste and astringency are primarily driven by non-volatile molecules in these wines, while global odour intensity depends on the volatile compounds. In a recent study conducted by our group (unpublished data), we verified that the intensity of odours and the overall perception of sensory quality of red wines from South America could be adroitly predicted without the panelists swirling the samples, corroborating the fact that wine odour plays an important and decisive role in wine quality. With the use of multivariate statistical techniques, it was possible to conclude that the red wines in Cluster 2 presented the best combination of sensory characteristics, price and antioxidant activity. The main wines in this cluster were Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah produced in Chile and Argentina.

3A, lanes 1 and 2), indicating the occurrence of hydrolysis with the generation of a remarkably intense 17-kDa polypeptide band (Fig. 3A, lane 3). The peak in the densitogram for αs-casein

band after incubation with positive control chymosin was higher than that obtained after incubation with PP (Fig. 3A, lanes 1 and 2), indicating that αs-casein was more hydrolysed by PP than by chymosin. Low reduction of β-casein band intensity was observed only after 24-h incubation with Crenolanib clinical trial PP and chymosin (Fig. 3B, lane 1). Hydrolysis by PP generated several polypeptides with molecular mass between 7 and 19 kDa (Fig. 3B, lane 2), while cleavage by chymosin resulted mainly in polypeptides with very low molecular masses (Fig. 3B, lane 3). Reduction in intensity of κ-casein band due to hydrolysis by PP after 10, 30, 60 and 120 min (Fig. 3C, lane 1) was accompanied by an increase in the intensity Crizotinib chemical structure of a 16-kDa polypeptide band, which probably corresponds

to para-κ-casein (Fig. 3C, lane 2). No other peak of intensity in the region of κ-casein band was detected after incubation with PP and chymosin for 24 h, revealing total degradation of protein (Fig. 3C, lane 1). In addition, the para-κ-casein band intensity was strongly reduced after 24-h incubation with PP and chymosin (Fig. 3C, lane 2). Chymosin cleaves a single peptide bond in κ-casein, producing insoluble para-κ-casein and a C-terminal glycopeptides (Fox and Stepaniak, 1993 and Rao et al., 1998). Extracts from sunflower (Helianthus annuus), as well as from albizia (Albizia lebbeck) and S. dubium seeds, have been proved to hydrolyse κ-casein to para-κ-casein Y-27632 2HCl ( Ahmed et al., 2010 and Egito et al., 2007). Curd constituents include αs-, β- and para-κ-caseins (Abreu, 2005). The detection of para-κ-casein on SDS–PAGE after casein hydrolysis by PP and

the fact that milk-clotting activity of PP was detected only in the presence of calcium suggests that milk coagulation was probably due to the degradation of κ-casein, leading to the collapse of the micellar structure and aggregation of αs- and β-caseins under the influence of calcium, resulting in gel formation (Merin, Talpaz, & Fishman, 1989). PP from M. oleifera flowers is a potentially useful tool in cheese production processes, since it did not promote extensive hydrolysis of αs- and β-caseins. The speed of hydrolysis of caseins influences the yield, consistency as well as flavour of cheese, and slow degradation of αs- and β-caseins is guarantee of production of a firm curd, which is what occurs when chymosin is used, as mentioned above ( Bruno et al., 2010 and Fox, 1989). Plant rennets which promote extensive proteolysis of caseins are inappropriate for cheese production, because the generated peptides confer a bitter taste ( Lo Piero et al., 2002 and Macedo et al., 1996). Caseinolytic activity on azocasein significantly increased after heating of PP at 50 °C, while loss of this activity was detected after heating of PP at 60 °C (Table 1).

, 2007). Thus, fractions QW, QK1 and QK2 were treated with α-amylase and deproteinized with aq. 10% trichloroacetic acid and/or Pronase®. Then, a freeze–thaw treatment was applied in these fractions, to give cold-water soluble fractions SQW, SQK1 and SQK2, in 1.7%, 1.0% and 1.0% yield, respectively. The monosaccharide composition of these fractions is given in Table 1. The results of sugar analysis revealed that arabinose was a predominant neutral monosaccharide, together with small amounts of rhamnose and galactose. The content of uronic acids ranged

from 4% to 27%. From fraction QW, the freeze–thaw treatment also originated a cold-water insoluble fraction (PQW, 0.1% yield), which on sugar analysis contained exclusively arabinose, PLX4032 order indicating the presence of an arabinan. An analysis of the gel permeation elution profile

of fractions SQW, SQK1 and SQK2 (Fig. 1A) showed a mixture of polysaccharides, with fraction SQK1 showing the smallest number of peaks. For this reason, this fraction was the first to be submitted to purification by sequential ultrafiltration through membranes with cut-offs of 100, 30 and 10 kDa (Fig. 1C). This strategy was highly efficient, once it produced two purified fractions (K1-30RM and K1-10RM), as could be seen by their homogeneous elution profile on HPSEC analysis (Fig. 1B). Their molecular mass were 82 kDa (dn/dc = 0.142) and 32 kDa (dn/dc = 0.165), respectively. Later, Ribociclib purchase fraction SQK2 was also Cepharanthine submitted to purification by sequential ultrafiltration through those membranes, and a purified fraction (K2-30EM) with a molecular mass of 32 kDa (dn/dc = 0.167) was also obtained (Fig. 1B). The resulting purified fractions PQW, K1-30RM, K1-10RM and K2-30EM were characterized by sugar, methylation and NMR analysis. The monosaccharide analysis of PQW reported in Table 1 showed that this fraction contained only arabinose and therefore corresponded to an arabinan. The 13C NMR spectrum is given in Fig. 2A. The data suggested that the arabinan contained a linear structure and (1 → 5)-linked α-l-arabinofuranosyl units, due to

the presence of exclusively five signals in the spectrum. The assignments of the carbon-13 signals were done according to the literature (Swamy and Salimath, 1991 and Thude and Classen, 2005), with peaks at 108.2 (C-1), 82.1 (C-4), 81.7 (C-2), 77.7 (C-3) and 67.2 ppm (C-5). The C-5 O-substitution was confirmed with DEPT-135 experiment, which shows positive signals for all CH and CH3 carbon atoms in the molecule, while CH2 carbon atoms are shown as negative signals. The DEPT-135 spectrum of fraction PQW (Fig. 2A, Insert) demonstrated an inverted signal at 67.2 ppm, and due to its low field resonance corresponds to substituted CH2–OH (C-5 of Araf units). The monosaccharide composition of K2-30EM is reported in Table 1 and showed that this fraction contained high amounts of arabinose (93%).

The study was partly funded and carried out within the framework of the DEMOCOPHES (LIFE + Programme DG Environment—Life09 ENV/BE000410) and COPHES (7th Framework Programme DG Research — No. 244237) projects, which aimed to harmonize biomonitoring throughout Europe, and the Swedish National Environmental Monitoring Program, coordinated by Swedish EPA (NV-734-11/2151102). NLG919 datasheet We greatly acknowledge the participating women and children and the technical assistance of B Norrfors and L-M Lundmark. “
“Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution

from traffic and other combustion sources is associated with an increase in general mortality and morbidity from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, especially among elderly and people with previous respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (Hoek et al., 2013). Short-term exposure to elevated levels of outdoor air pollution, lasting hours to several days, has been linked to increased mortality and hospital admissions due to heart and lung diseases (Ruckerl et al., 2011). Ambient

air particulate matter (PM) is usually assessed by mass concentration in terms of PM10 (aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm) or PM2.5, (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm), whereas ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter < 0.1 μm), contributing only few percent to the total mass, are often characterized by particle number concentration Androgen Receptor Antagonist (PNC). The composition of ambient air PM varies widely and depends on the emission source, particle size, geographic location, atmospheric chemical transformations, and meteorology (Putaud et al., 2010). UFP, especially from combustion processes, are thought to be more harmful than larger particles due to their large reactive surface area, chemical composition, high alveolar deposition, Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase poor clearance and the potential for translocation to the systemic circulation (Franck et al., 2011). Nevertheless,

epidemiological evidence supporting the specific hazards of UFP is relatively scarce, possibly due to problems in exposure assessment, including high spatial variation (Ruckerl et al., 2011). The mechanisms involved in the health effects of PM include pulmonary and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, altered cardiac autonomic function, altered balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis, endothelial and microvascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis progression and plaque instability, as studied in panel and cross-sectional studies with short-term exposure assessed from monitoring stations or after controlled exposure (Brook et al., 2010). However, results have shown less consistency for prognostic markers for cardiovascular risk, including blood markers reflecting inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and circulating leukocyte counts, cell expression of adhesion molecules and impaired endothelial function (Li et al., 2012, Pope et al., 2011 and Ruckerl et al., 2011).

In each condition, children received two trials, one resulting in a group of 5 puppets, and one resulting in a group of 6 puppets, both to be placed www.selleckchem.com/products/PF-2341066.html on a tree with 6 branches (so we could compare searching across sets of 5 and 6 puppets, just as in Experiment 1). For the puppet addition/subtraction condition, the outcome-6 trial started with a group of 5 puppets placed on a tree with 6 branches. Then, while the puppets were in the box, the experimenter took an extra puppet out her sleeve, and put it in the box, narrating, “Look at that, here is another puppet coming!”. The outcome-5 trial started with a group of 6 puppets, one per branch on the tree. After all the puppets were placed

in the box, the experimenter reached in the box and removed one puppet, showed it to the child, and put it in a bag Vorinostat manufacturer on the floor, narrating, “He does not want to sleep; he is going to the jungle”. For the branch addition/subtraction condition, new trees were crafted such that one branch could be either added or removed (beginning with 5 or 7 branches and ending with

6 branches). The outcome-5 trial started with a tree with 5 branches (no empty branch). Then, while the puppets were in the box, the experimenter added a new branch to the tree, narrating, “That night, there is a big storm with lots of wind, a new branch is coming!” The rest of the trial unfolded as before with the tree now having 6 branches. The outcome-6 trial started with 6 puppets placed on a tree with 7 branches (one empty branch). Again, while the puppets were in the box, the experimenter

described a storm in which one of the branches flew away, thus resulting in 6 puppets to be placed on a tree with 6 branches. Following the two addition/subtraction trials, children were again given two trials in the 11-branch condition, as in Experiment 1. All the data of the 11-branch condition will be pooled together and analyzed as Experiment 5. Fig. 3 presents the ifenprodil findings. In contrast to Experiment 1, children’s searching time did not differ between the outcome-5 and the outcome-6 trials, F  (1, 22) < 1, ηp2=.04. This was true of each condition tested separately: F  (1, 11) = 1.4, p   = .27, ηp2=.11 for the puppet addition/subtraction condition, F(1,11)<1,ηp2<.01 for the branch addition/subtraction condition, and no interaction was observed between Condition and Outcome size: F  (1, 22) < 1, ηp2=.02. Children were not able to construct the correct one-to-one correspondence relation after the addition and subtraction events, whether the events were applied to a set that was invisible at the moment of the transformation (the puppets) or to a set that remained visible throughout the trial (the branches). The findings of Experiment 2 provided no evidence that children appreciated how the operations of adding or subtracting should affect the one-to-one correspondence mapping between the puppets and the branches.

The results returned from the 3130 sequencer were analysed using GeneMapper® ID v3.2 to determine which

samples were suitable for further use. For the one-contributor this website investigation eight replicates of each of three conditions were created (Table 2). The conditions were created to investigate increasing dropout rate. For the 500 pg and 60 pg conditions, one-contributor hypotheses were compared, B under Hp and X under Hd, while for the 15 pg condition dropin was also modelled under both hypotheses ( Table 3). For the two-contributor investigation eight replicates of each of two conditions were created (Table 2). The major and minor contributors were reversed between conditions, with an increased DNA contribution from the minor. These samples were amplified and analysed as described previously. Two-contributor hypotheses were compared, with each of A and C in turn playing the role of Q, while the other contributor was treated as unknown. Additionally one-contributor-plus-dropin hypotheses AUY-922 in vitro were compared, with only the major contributor playing the role of Q (Table 3). For the three-contributor investigation eight replicates of each of four conditions were created (Table 2). The conditions were created to investigate

different profiling protocols. The Phase 1 and Phase 2 conditions are post-PCR purification protocols designed to enhance the sensitivity of detection of the standard protocol [12], and both involve concentrating the post-PCR product using an Amicon® PCR microcon unit according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Phase 1 enhancement increases the amount of formamide in the mixture compared to the manufacturer’s recommendations, while Phase 2 enhancement increases the amount of DNA, formamide and ROX compared to Phase 1. For all four conditions (30 cycles, 28 cycles, Phase 1, and Phase 2), three-contributor 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase hypotheses were compared, with A playing the role of Q and the other contributors

treated as unknown (Table 3). Dropin was not modelled under either hypothesis, although dropin was included in the simulations. This reflects a realistic challenge for few replicates with multiple contributors, whereby any dropin alleles may be wrongly attributed to one of the contributors. However the incorrect model will lead to deterioration of inferences for larger numbers of replicates. All of the conditions that we now describe were simulated in eight replicates, with the whole simulation being performed five times. Initially a number of single-contributor CSPs were simulated using the profile of individual B. The first condition investigated was a “perfect match”, in which all eight replicates generated exactly the profile of B. Next, we introduced mild dropout (Pr(D) = 0.4) and severe dropout (Pr(D) = 0.8) of the alleles of B, in each case with dropins included at rate Pr(C) = 0.05 (at most one dropin per locus per replicate).

However, regarding the treatment of adenoviral infections in immunocompromised patients, CDV is neither capable of fully preventing fatal outcomes in all instances (Lenaerts et al., 2008, Lindemans et al., 2010, Ljungman et al., 2003, Symeonidis et al., 2007 and Yusuf et al., selleck products 2006), nor thought to be able to completely clear infections without the concomitant re-establishment of the immune system (Chakrabarti et al., 2002, Heemskerk et al., 2005 and Lindemans et al., 2010). Moreover, it displays significant nephrotoxicity

and limited bioavailability. Derivatives of CDV have been developed, but are still under investigation (Hartline et al., 2005 and Paolino et al., 2011). Thus, there is a need for the development of alternative drugs or even alternative treatment strategies. RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional cellular process that results this website in gene silencing (Carthew and Sontheimer, 2009, Ghildiyal and Zamore, 2009, Huntzinger and Izaurralde, 2011, Hutvagner and Simard, 2008 and Kawamata and Tomari, 2010). It is triggered by short (∼21–25 nt) dsRNAs displaying partial or complete complementarity to their target mRNAs (Fire et al., 1998). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are members of this group of small RNAs. Their precursors, primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs), are processed by Drosha/DGCR8 into 60–70 nt

precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) (Cullen, 2004), that are subsequently exported from the nucleus by Exportin-5 (Yi et al., 2003), and eventually processed into mature miRNAs by the ribonuclease-III enzyme Dicer (Cullen, 2004). The so-called guide strand is loaded into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (Sontheimer, 2005),

where it mediates the cleavage or deadenylation of its target mRNA, or leads to translational repression (Huntzinger and Izaurralde, 2011). RNAi has quickly been adopted as a tool to knock down the expression of disease-associated genes or to inhibit Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 viral gene expression (Davidson and McCray, 2011). This is either mediated by synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are directly incorporated into RISC (Elbashir et al., 2001), short hairpin shRNAs that resemble pre-miRNAs (Burnett and Rossi, 2012), or artificial miRNAs (amiRNAs) that are analogs of pri-miRNAs (Zeng et al., 2002). RNAi-mediated inhibition of viral replication has been demonstrated for a wide range of viruses, both in vitro and in vivo ( Arbuthnot, 2010, Haasnoot et al., 2007 and Zhou and Rossi, 2011). We and others have recently demonstrated the successful in vitro inhibition of the replication of wild-type (wt) adenovirus (Ad) serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6 (all belonging to species C and representing a main cause of severe adenovirus-related disease) ( Kneidinger et al., 2012) and a mutated version of Ad5 lacking the E1B and E3 genes ( Eckstein et al., 2010). The inhibition of an Ad 11 strain (2K2/507/KNIH; species B; isolated in Korea) has also been described ( Chung et al., 2007).

“
“Inflammation is an important process because INCB024360 supplier it is one of the natural defense mechanisms

caused by the release of inflammatory mediators [e.g., (nitric oxide) NO and prostaglandin (PG)E2], cytokines [e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α], and chemokines [1] and [2]. This event requires the activation of inflammatory cells such as macrophages via the ligation of their surface receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors) [3]. The activation of Toll-like receptors in macrophages by ligands derived from pathogens triggers various cellular signaling cascades to activate transcription factors including nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p50 and p65), activator protein (AP)-1 [c-Fos, c-Jun, and activating transcription factor (ATF)-2], and interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF)-3 to trigger the new expression of inflammatory genes [4], [5] and [6]. Although PLX3397 nmr inflammation is a normal response, acutely, excessive induced, or chronically sustained inflammatory responses are known to cause serious diseases including cancer, stroke, and diabetes. Therefore, it must be stressed that normalization of upregulated inflammation is crucial in prevention of such diseases [7], [8] and [9]. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG, steamed root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is a well-known herbal medicine

traditionally used in Korea [10]. It has been used for a long time without displaying any toxic properties, thus, developing some anti-inflammatory preparation Regorafenib in vivo with KRG could be considered beneficial. Unlike acid polysaccharides that are known as major components contributing to upregulation of the body’s immune responses [11], red ginseng saponin fractions enriched with protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides have been reported as strong anti-inflammatory preparations [12]. Some PPD-type ginsenosides such as ginsenoside (G)-Rb1, G-Rb2, and G-Rd display strong anti-inflammatory properties under various conditions [13]. This notion

led us to establish a hypothesis that PPD-type saponins could be used as an anti-inflammatory remedy. In this study, therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanism of the protopanaxadiol saponin fraction (PPD-SF). PPD-SFs, prepared by previously established methods [14], from KRG with higher amounts of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides (G-Rb1, G-Rc, G-Re, and G-Rb2) were kindly supplied by the Korea Ginseng Cooperation (Daejeon, Korea). Nω-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME), (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli 0111:B4) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). BX795 and SP600125 were obtained from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA, USA). Luciferase constructs containing promoters with binding sites for NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF-3 were used, as reported previously [15]. RAW264.7 cells, a BALB/c-derived murine macrophage cell line (ATCC No.

g. pointbar deposits, deserted channels, and abandoned oxbow lakes), (2) and floodplain cover deposits, formed by vertical accretion of fine sediments in slow-moving floodwaters of the

basins. Cover deposits are widespread along the flanking zone from Jacobabad to Manchar Lake, in the southeast around Mirpur Khas and Umarkot, and in the delta (Holmes, www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html 1968). The historical Indus River sent off distributaries and small seasonal spillway channels toward its flanks and across the delta. Such smaller-scale channels are characterized by levees rather than by river bars and meander scrolls. Levees of the Ghar and Western Nara (Fig. 1) are ∼3 m high due to periodic overspill of their www.selleckchem.com/products/ldn193189.html banks and define these 3 km-wide paleochannels. Narrower channels and shorter wavelength meanders define former courses of the

Indus: the Khairpur at between 4 km and 8 km; Shahdapur at 5 km; and the Warah at 6 km (Fig. 1). The modern Indus is wider with larger but fewer meanders (∼14 km wavelength). Sinuosity of the paleo-Indus channels (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) had a range from: (1) Badahri: 1.51, (2) Warah: 1.55, (3) Kandhkot: 1.65; (4) Puran: 1.81, (5) Shahdadkot: 1.99, (6) Eastern Nara: 2.05, (7) Khairpur: 2.33, and (8) Shahdadpur: 2.51. The modern Indus has sinuosity values ranging from 1.1 to 2.0 with a mean value of 1.8 (see discussion below). Paleochannels therefore had similar or sometimes greater sinuosity. The visible record of paleochannels represents only the last ∼1000 years. The remotely sensed topography of Fig. 2 perhaps captures some of the longer record of river avulsion and floodplain development and demonstrates how the floodplain aggrades through major avulsions of the trunk Indus. The large channel belt switches leaving behind 1–3 m of super-elevated channel belt deposits that shed crevasse-splay fingers

and fans interweaving with cover deposits to their sides (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). An interesting feature of the imaged floodplain topography is its fan-like appearance (Fig. 2 and Fig. 5). When viewed along valley profiles (Fig. 3), these fan-like waves have a first order wavelength of 29 km, upon which is superimposed a second IKBKE order set of waveforms with wavelength of ∼3.6 km. We suggest that the first order waveform reflect the avulsion frequency of the main Indus River (on the order of several centuries). Major avulsions shift the loci of floodplain deposition suddenly, leaving behind these first-order super-elevated fan lobes (see Fig. 2B). Whereas the second-order scale features perhaps relate to decadal occurrence of floods that build up intermingled crevasse deposits around the larger paleochannel features (Fig. 5). The width and depth of the modern Indus and other paleochannels are well demonstrated in both strike sections (Fig. 4) and plan view (Fig. 5).

3). The facies Ac at the bottom of the cores SG27 and SG28 testifies to the existence of a river delta channel present before the lagoon ingression in this area (i.e. before 784 BC). The dating of a peat sample at 7.37 m below m.s.l. in SG28 gives the age as 2809 BC (Eneolithic Period) and supports this hypothesis. The river delta channel probably belonged to the Brenta river, because it flowed within the geographical area of the Brenta megafan reconstructed in Bondesan et al. (2008) and RG7204 Fontana et al. (2008). The facies P in SG28, instead, is proof of the abandonment of this path by the river and testifies a phase of an emerged delta plain in the area, near the lagoon

margin. The abundant vegetal remains found within this sedimentary layer consist of continental, palustrine and lagoonal vegetation. Probably, between 2809 BC and 784 BC, the river channel moved from the SG28 core position, occupied before 2809 BC, to the position of the SG27 core. The river channel is possibly the same alluvial channel that crossed the Venice subsoil found through passive and controlled source seismic surveys by Zezza (2008) and Boaga et al. (2010). The facies BMS-387032 order Lcs and Lcl in SG25, SG27 and SG28 belong to a more recent tidal channel. This tidal channel occupied the river path as a result of the lagoon ingression in this area (784 BC). The river channel became gradually

influenced by lagoonal brackish water evolving into a tidal channel.

The tidal channel is clearly visible in the southern part of profile 2 (Fig. 2b) and 3 (Fig. 2c) and in the full fantofarone profile 4. The inclined reflectors in profile 2 and 3 correspond to the palaeochannel point bar migration northward by 20–30 m. The stratigraphic record of core SG25 (Fig. 2c) presents sandy sediments (facies Lcs) from 6.60 m to 5.2 m below m.s.l. and mainly clayey-silty sediments (facies Lcl) between 5.2 and 1.2 m. The 14C dating on a mollusk shell at 5.2 m below m.s.l. between the two sedimentary facies dates back to 352 AD, showing that the channel was already active during Roman Times. It is possible to distinguish two different phases in the channel evolution: the first phase being a higher energetic regime with sand deposition and channel migration; the second phase having a finer filling with apparently no migration. The deterioration of the climatic conditions during the first Medieval Cold Period starting from the 4th century AD (Veggiani, 1994, Frisia et al., 2005 and Ljungqvist, 2010) possibly explains this change in the channel hydrology. In the same period, an increase in sea level caused the abandonment of many human settlements in the lagoon area (Canal, 2002). Only in the 6th–7th century, a more permanent phase of settlements took place in the lagoon of Venice. The palaeochannel was still active in 828 AD, i.e.