(C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway regulates intracellular sodium ion (Na+) homeostasis and salt tolerance in plants. Until recently, little was known about the mechanisms

that inhibit the SOS pathway when plants are grown in the absence of salt stress. In this study, we report that the Arabidopsis thaliana 14-3-3 proteins lambda and kappa interact with SOS2 and repress its kinase activity. Growth in the presence of salt decreases the interaction between SOS2 and the 14-3-3 proteins, leading Navitoclax datasheet to kinase activation in planta. 14-3-3 lambda interacts with the SOS2 junction domain, which is important for its kinase activity. A phosphorylation site (Ser-294) is identified within this domain by mass spectrometry. Mutation of Ser-294 to Ala or Asp does not affect SOS2 kinase activity in the absence of the 14-3-3 proteins. However, in the presence of 14-3-3 proteins,

the inhibition of SOS2 activity is decreased by the Ser-to-Ala mutation and enhanced by the Ser-to-Asp exchange. These results identify 14-3-3 lambda and kappa as important regulators of salt tolerance. The inhibition of SOS2 mediated by the binding of 14-3-3 proteins Citarinostat represents a novel mechanism that confers basal repression of the SOS pathway in the absence of salt stress.”
“BackgroundTall people have an increased risk of a first venous thrombosis. Sedentary lifestyle has been shown to act synergistically with body height, especially during long-haul this website flights. ObjectiveTo estimate the relation between height and risk of a first and recurrent venous thrombosis and a possible additional association with a mobile or an immobile lifestyle. MethodsPatients with a first venous thrombosis and control subjects were included between 1999 and 2004 (MEGA case-control study). Patients were followed for recurrence for an average time of 5.1years (MEGA follow-up study). Odds ratios and hazard ratios (HRs) per increase of 5cm were calculated compared with a height of 165-170cm, separately and in combination with (im)mobility. ResultsIn 4464 patients who reported their height, we found an increasing risk of a first and recurrent event with height.

For men, a 2.9-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-4.4) increased risk for first venous thrombosis was found for those between 195 and 200cm and a 3.8-fold (95% CI 1.5-9.8) higher risk for those bigger than 200cm compared with the reference category. For recurrence risk, the HRs were 1.7 (95% CI 0.8-3.3) and 3.7 (95% CI 1.4-10.0), respectively. For women, a 1.5-fold (95% CI 0.7-3.4) and 3-fold (95% CI 0.9-9.4) increased risk was found for those bigger than 185cm for first and recurrent venous thrombosis, respectively. For the tallest men and women, a slight additionally increased risk was observed for sedentary lifestyle. ConclusionsTall men and women have an increased risk of first and recurrent venous thrombosis, possibly higher in combination with a sedentary lifestyle.

Resection of an osteosarcoma in the atlas is very difficult because of the complex and important anatomic structures that surround it, and secure reconstruction of the atlas is difficult as well.\n\nMethods. A 48-year-old man was referred to our institute with a 10-month history of a palpable painful mass on the right posterior

neck. His neck mass was diagnosed as chondroblastic osteosarcoma by open bone biopsy. The plain radiograph of the lateral cervical spine revealed the osteoblastic lesion of the vertebra and an extraosseous mass formation from the C1 to C3 selleck chemical vertebrae. Computed tomography of the cervical spine revealed approximately a 7 x 3 x 7 cm(3)-sized extraosseous calcified mass that originated from the right lateral mass of the atlas. The magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine did not show any spinal cord compression.\n\nResults. The patient underwent excision of this tumor using the direct lateral approach and reconstruction of the lateral mass of the atlas. On gross examination of the mass, there was a reactive thin membrane (“pseudomembrane”) between soft tissue and tumor. At 3 months after surgery, the computed tomographic scan showed the solid fusion state of the occipitocervical joint. He rarely complained of any problems except for mild limitation of neck motion.\n\nConclusion. We report a rare case

of complete excision of Salubrinal in vitro an osteosarcoma of the C1 lateral mass in our patient via a direct lateral and posterior approach to secure additional fixation of occipitocervical

joint. We describe our technique for reconstructing the lateral mass of the atlas. This reconstruction technique will also be applicable to other resection surgeries involving the occipitocervical junction.”
“Purpose of review\n\nA comprehensive review of the main concepts about patent foramen ovale (PFO) management is offered.\n\nRecent findings\n\nPFO MI-503 clinical trial is a common, usually benign, anatomical variant that in the presence of a discrete right-to-left shunt and other predisposing factors (Eustachian valve/Chiari network, atrial septal aneurysm, and coagulation cascade abnormalities) may play an important role in the patho-phyisiology of paradoxical embolism at different levels (cryptogenic stroke, peripheral embolism, coronary embolism, etc.). Therapy is a controversial issue, since data on these patients are variable and accepted guidelines are missing. Recurrent strokes are the most diffuse and accepted indication for transcatheter closure of PFO, but severe refractory migraine with aura, unexplained oxygen desaturation, orthodeoxia-platypnea, and other conditions have been suggested to benefit from PFO closure. Different devices and techniques have been proposed for this procedure, mainly depending on operator experience and preferences, which have contributed to this intervention becoming a well tolerated and effective procedure with very low morbidity and virtually absent mortality.

MethodsA 22-item survey covering demographics, disease-related questions and psychosocial items was completed by patients with HE via a website.

ResultsIn total, 1023 LOXO-101 mouse people with HE completed the survey. Of these, 89% stated they were embarrassed/self-conscious about their eczema, with 70% of respondents reporting wearing gloves or hiding their hands in their pockets. Many respondents reported their HE affected their daily activities and choices, with 74% of patients reporting that their condition affects the way they handle objects or touch people. Regarding relationships, 27% of respondents said physical relationships with their partners were affected, and 27% said that tension/disagreements between them and their

partner or family/friends occurred because HE had stopped them doing certain activities. ConclusionHE can have a very large psychological impact on sufferers, hugely reducing their self-esteem, and as a consequence, having a detrimental effect on their daily activities and relationships. The impact of these psychosocial comorbidities has been underinvestigated and often underestimated by clinicians, despite being of great importance to patients.”
“Splenic cyst(s) may be noted as an incidental finding on conventional imaging techniques, or as a result of evaluation of a patient with left upper quadrant pain, left shoulder pain, abdominal AZD8055 research buy enlargement, or splenomegaly. Lymphangioma of the spleen is an extremely rare and benign neoplasm in adults, which is characterized by cystic dilatation of the lymphatic vessels in splenic parenchyma. This report describes a case of multiple splenic lymphangiomas in a 41-year-old female. She underwent abdominal

ultrasonography for a health check-up. She had no symptoms, and physical examination did not reveal any abnormalities apart from splenomegaly. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed multiple variable-sized cysts replacing the normal parenchyma of the spleen. There were wall calcifications in several cysts. GDC-0994 cell line The patient underwent laparoscopic splenectomy, and the final diagnosis was multiple lymphangiomas of the spleen.”
“Social networking sites (SNS) have potential value in the field of medical genetics as a means of research subject recruitment and source of data. This article examines the current role of SNS in medical genetics research and potential applications for these sites in future studies. Facebook is the primary SNS considered, given the prevalence of its use in the United States and role in a small but growing number of studies. To date, utilization of SNS in medical genetics research has been primarily limited to three studies that recruited subjects from populations of Facebook users [McGuire et al. (2009); Am J Bioeth 9: 3-10; Janvier et al. (2012); Pediatrics 130: 293-298; Leighton et al. (2012); Public Health Genomics 15: 11-21].

We emphasize the role of circadian rhythmic orchestration in cellular metabolism with a potential in cancer development. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc.

All rights buy Fer-1 reserved.”
“PURPOSE. To explore the crucial role of the human corneal epithelium-derived proallergic cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in initiation and regulation of immune responses.\n\nMETHODS. Primary corneal epithelial cells, established from donor limbal explants, were treated with 11 microbial ligands and proinflammatory and Th2 cytokines, alone or in combination. TSLP mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. NF-kappa B activation was detected by immunostaining and Western blot.\n\nRESULTS. TSLP was found to be expressed by human corneal epithelium and its cultures. TSLP in corneal epithelial cells were largely induced in a concentration-dependent fashion by polyI:C, flagellin, and FSL-1, the ligands for toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, -5, and -6, respectively. Compared with the control, TSLP mRNA was increased by

60-, 12- and 8-fold and TSLP protein increased www.selleckchem.com/products/mln-4924.html by 67-, 19- and 7-fold by these three ligands, respectively. The proinflammatory (TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-13) cytokines moderately induced TSLP expression and production. IL-4 and -13 strongly synergized with PolyI:C, flagellin, and TNF-alpha to promote TSLP production in ex vivo tissues and in vitro cultures of corneal epithelium. PolyI: C, flagellin, GSK1210151A research buy or TNF-alpha also induced NF-kappa B p65 protein nuclear translocation. The NF-kappa B inhibitor quinazoline blocked p65 nuclear translocation and further suppressed TSLP expression and production induced by these stimuli.\n\nCONCLUSIONS. These findings provide the first evidence of TSLP induction in the human eye and suggest the novel phenomenon that human corneal epithelium-derived TSLP may serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. TSLP may become a novel therapeutic target for allergic and inflammatory ocular surface diseases. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009; 50: 2702-2709) DOI:10.1167/iovs.08-3074″
“Background: The dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

(HPA) axis in major depression includes hyperactivity and reduced feedback inhibition. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is able to reduce the HPA-axis response to stress and has an anxiolytic effect in rodents and humans. We hypothesized that patients with depression would have an attenuated N-terminal proANP (NT-proANP) response to acute exercise compared to healthy controls. Secondly, we aimed to assess the effect of antidepressants on NT-proANP response to acute exercise.\n\nMethods: We examined 132 outpatients with mild to moderate depression (ICD-10) and 44 healthy controls, group matched for age, sex, and BMI. We used an incremental bicycle ergometer test as a physical stressor. Blood samples were drawn at rest, at exhaustion, and 15, 30, and 60 min post-exercise.

\n\nResults. Greater financial

strain at baseline was significantly associated with reduced odds of abstinence at 26 weeks postquit among those who completed the study (odds ratio [OR] = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CII = 0.62, 0.94; P = .01). There was a significant association as well in analyses that included those who completed the study in addition to those lost to follow-up who were categorized as smokers (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.64, 0.96; P = .02).\n\nConclusions. Greater financial strain predicted lower cessation rates among click here racially/ethnically diverse smokers. Our findings highlight the impact of economic concerns on smoking cessation and the need to address financial strain in smoking cessation interventions. (Am J Public Health. 2010;100:702-706. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172676)”
“OrcPI is a class B MADS-box gene of Orchis italica (Orchidaceae), PF-03491390 homologous of the PISTILLATA/GLOBOSA gene isolated in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. Its role in determining petals and stamens is conserved in orchids, where it seems to be involved also in other functions, such as flower longevity and ovary development. The present study reports the genomic

characterization of the OrcPI locus in O. italica including coding and noncoding regions (introns, 5′- and 3′ untranslated regions, and putative promoter). Nucleotide polymorphism distribution confirmed that this gene is subjected to different evolutionary forces, phylogenetic and distance analyses demonstrated that OrcPI is a useful nuclear marker at low taxonomic level in orchids. The expression pattern analysis showed that OrcPI transcripts are present in all the floral structures, undetected in the vegetative tissues, and decreased in the natural senescent flower. Finally, micro-RNAs putative target sites were identified within the OrcPI gene, conserved among orchids. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We have investigated the role of the 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) in the expression of decay accelerating factor GDC-0941 nmr (DAF), one of the

major membrane regulators of Complement activation. We show here that the 3′UTR of DAF contains an adenylate uridine rich element (ARE) AUUUAUUUAUAUUUAUUUA, which belongs to Class II Cluster 4 of the AU-rich element-containing mRNA (ARED) database. Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) Reporter constructs containing the DAF 3′UTR showed reduced levels of expression when transfected into a variety of cell lines compared to 3′UTR reporter constructs without the ARE sequence. Furthermore, the inhibitor of mRNA transcription Actinomycin D had a much stronger effect on mRNA half-life of the ARE-containing 3′UTR demonstrating that this ARE destabilises the mRNA. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) using biotinylated RNA probes, demonstrated that cytoplasmic Human antigen R (HuR) bound to the DAF ARE.

MR enterography identified ileo-enteric fistula in 10/12 patients, ileosigmoid fistula in all of seven patients and other fistulae in 10/11 patients. An abscess was identified on MR enterography Proteasome inhibitor review in eight of nine patients. Within abnormal distal ileal segments, the mean contrast enhancement ratio of acute inflammation was 2.390.59 compared

with 1.82 +/- 0.63 (P<0.05) in segments with fibrosis only.\n\nConclusionMagnetic resonance enterography identifies small bowel Crohn’s disease with an accuracy similar to or better than those of previously published series. Fistulation, abscess formation and large bowel disease can be reliably identified and disease activity assessed. Normal, uninvolved small bowel length can also be measured. Discrete proximal small bowel lesions may not always be detected. Pexidartinib research buy In our practice, MR enterography has replaced conventional radiology in the assessment of symptomatic patients with Crohn’s disease.”
“Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire forest is applied for

the electronics cooling by means of pool boiling heat transfer. The forest was composed of lengthwise grown backbone and branched nanowires, which were highly dense and tree-like hierarchical structures. The platinum heater and resistance temperature detector were fabricated by microfabrication on one side of silicon chips and nanowire forest was synthesized on the other side. The superheat and heat flux were evaluated at steady state while the voltage in the heater was increased gradually.

The heat flux gradually increased linearly with superheat at the initial stage of heating due to convective heat selleck chemicals llc transfer and abruptly increased once the coolant started to boil. It seemed that the nanowire forest played a role of increased bubble nucleation sites with superhydrophilic nature leading to enhancement of boiling heat transfer. This sheds light on application of nanostructured surface as an effective electronics cooling by boiling heat transfer. (C) 2012 The Japan Society of Applied Physics”
“This study compiles 100 years of North Sea demersal landings, focusing on the UK, and relating them to historical events and political, technological and economical drivers that influenced demersal fisheries. In the early twentieth century, aided by technological advances, the UK, and in particular England, had unchallenged dominance in North Sea demersal fisheries. Since then, the two World Wars and other political developments have had a great impact on British fisheries. Between the 1920s and 1960s, English ports shifted their interests away from the North Sea towards highly profitable distant waters, whereas the Scottish fleet relied less on these fishing grounds. Meanwhile, especially in the 1960s, other European countries expanded their fisheries, undermining Britain’s lead. In the 1970s and 1980s, Scotland benefitted from mainly fishing in the North Sea.

5, respectively) at the expense of a lower PI of CD34(+) HPC in reactive conditions. Of note, bands/mature neutrophils and mature lymphocytes showed either residual numbers or absence of S + G(2)/M-phase cells in both normal and reactive BM. Our results suggest that a slight shift of proliferation from the early precursors to the more mature granulomonocytic

compartment occurs in reactive BM, which could reflect an attempt of the hematopoietic system to rapidly produce functional neutrophils and monocytes, at the expense of a lower expansion of the minor compartments of CD34(+) HPC. (C) 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society”
“The rising numbers in the aging population will undoubtedly lead to a corresponding increase in percutaneous Staurosporine chemical structure endovascular procedures to address their cardiovascular health issues. With a constant drive to develop innovative treatment methods to achieve improved treatment outcomes while CDK inhibitor reducing procedural-related complications, endovascular interventionalists have focused on technologies to provide efficient hemostatic control of femoral artery access following percutaneous diagnostic or therapeutic angiographic procedures. Compared with the traditional hemostatic

method using manual compression, several arterial closure devices (ACD) have been shown to reduce time of hemostasis, enable early patient ambulation, reduce hospitalization staff use, and improve patient outcome. However, these ACDs have their shortcomings as the interventionalists need

to be familiar with these technologies as well as their potential complications. This article provides a comprehensive review of current closure device technologies as well as clinical experiences with these devices. The adjunctive role of these technologies in endovascular aortic aneurysm repair is also discussed. (J Vasc Surg 2010;52:1682-96.)”
“Immunisation of female mice with the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) during pregnancy reduces the OVA-specific IgE response in adult offspring. To approach primary prevention strategies for allergy, we investigated to what extent genetic, paternal and maternal factors influence this suppressive effect on allergic sensitisation in offspring and investigated the possibility of pregestational immunisation. Maternal allergen immunisation reduced OVA-specific IgE levels in immunised offspring, even after maternal immunisation up to 8 weeks before LOXO-101 research buy conception without further allergen exposure. Immunisation of immunodeficient BALB/c severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) dams mated with wild type males did not lead to IgE suppression in offspring, indicating the importance of a functional maternal immune system. Immunisation of male mice before the relevant spermatogenesis did not cause antibody suppression in offspring. OVA-specific IgG1, presumably of maternal origin, was present in naive offspring only from immunised dams and was associated with suppressed IgE responses after offspring immunisation.

2 to 15.2 hours daily. For individual subjects, mean sleep disruption, defined as the amount of brief arousals and postural changes during sleep events (eg, subject sitting up during the night), was as low as 5% and as high as 43% for the entire study period. The most common adverse event was minor skin irritation that occurred at the site of the wearable sensor in 5 subjects (18%), which did not lead to early discontinuation. No adverse events occurred due to the ingestion sensor. No subjects developed worsening of psychosis attributable to use of the DHFS. Of the 27 subjects who completed the study, 19 (70%) found the DHFS concept easy to understand, 21 (78%) said they would like to

receive reminders on their cell phone if they forgot to take their medications, and 24 (89%) thought the DHFS could be useful to them. Conclusions: The DHFS provided a novel means of confirming

see more medication ingestion and tracking selected physiologic parameters, and it was generally well tolerated by patients.”
“Worldwide, the application of a (gas/liquid) two-phase this website flow in membrane processes has received ample scientific deliberation because of its potential to reduce concentration polarization and membrane fouling, and therefore enhance membrane flux. Gas/liquid flows are now used to promote turbulence and instabilities inside membrane modules in various membrane processes such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration. nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, membrane distillation, eleclrodialysis, and membrane bioreactors. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical literature review of the state of the art in this research area. A total of 205 scientific papers published in peer reviewed journals from 1989 to 2013 were collected. The data in 195 of these papers (published up to 2011) were

compiled and analyzed. These data were analyzed and normalized based on gas and liquid superficial velocities, gas/liquid ratio and feed types, trans-membrane pressure and membrane module type in order to make a Mir comparison and identify general characteristics. The objective was to identify key factors in the application of two-phase flows in aqueous separation and purification processes, deliver new insights in how to optimize operations for implementation of this technology Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor in the industry, discuss the importance of energy saving, provide a brief overview of current commercial applications and suggest future directions for research. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE-The use of human fetal pancreatic tissue may provide a potential source of transplantable P-cells as a therapy for type I diabetes. Human fetal pancreas has a remarkable capacity to grow and differentiate in vivo and has been shown to reverse diabetes in rodents. However, it is known that human fetal pancreas obtained from the second trimester of gestation is immunogenic and is rejected after transplantation.

\n\nConclusion: We sequenced multiple tissue transcriptomes from native and heat-exposed experimental specimens of the high Antarctic, cryopelagic notothenioid P. borchgrevinki to construct a reference transcriptome. In a proof of concept, we utilized the annotated reference transcriptome LDN-193189 ic50 to profile the gene expression patterns of gill and liver, and identified a suite of over and under-represented GO terms when compared to the tropical

water zebrafish suggesting these functions may be important for surviving in freezing waters. The transcriptome resource from this study will aid future investigations of cold adaptation and thermal

response of polar ectothermic species.”
“What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?\n\nWe have clarified that there exist two types of voiding urodynamics (pressure-flow-study) for congenital urethral obstruction in boys; one is synergic pattern (SP) buy Nutlin-3a and the other is dyssynergic pattern (DP). In terms of daytime incontinence and nocturnal enuresis, the transurethral endoscopic incision of these obstructive lesions is only effective in the SP type, while never effective in the DP type. The synergic pattern (SP) seems to represent simple anatomical obstruction, while the dyssynergic pattern (DP) may represent anatomical obstruction complicated with functional obstruction.\n\nThe

efficacy of endoscopic incision to mild forms of congenital urethral obstruction has been controversial, especially in terms of nocturnal enuresis. One of the reasons this website for the controversy is due to the lack of pre-and post-operative urodynamic assessment with its linkage to symptomatic change. We have, for the first time in the world, systematically conducted voiding urodynamic study for those elusive lesions seen in enuretic boys. Conclusively, for simple mechanical obstruction (SP), we confirmed that some voiding urodynamic parameters improve after the endoscopic incision, parallel to symptomatic improvement, while in the rest (DP) endoscopic incision is never effective. The cause of this ineffectiveness seemed to be due to persistent functional obstruction having superimposed on mechanical obstruction. The result of the study urges us to be more keen to diagnose and treat the mild congenial urethral obstruction as well as the concomitant functional obstruction in boys with nocturnal enuresis.\n\nOBJECTIVE\n\ncenter dot To evaluate the clinical significance of congenital obstructive lesions of the posterior urethra in boys with refractory primary nocturnal enuresis.

Approaches investigated for the enhancement of drug entrapment efficiencies and the controlling of particle

size included the influence of the molecular weight (MW) of PLGA and the lactide-to-glycolide (L:G) ratio of PLGA, PLGA concentration, PVA concentration, initial QC content, acetone-to-dichloromethane (A/D) volume ratio, aqueous phase pH and aqueous to organic phase Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor (W/O) volume ratio. The nanoparticles produced by optimal formulation were submicron size (139.5 +/- 4.3nm, n = 3) with low polydispersity index (0.095 +/- 0.031, n = 3). Nanoparticles observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed extremely spherical shape. The entrapment efficiencies determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by ultracentrifuge method were 92.84 +/- 3.37% for VCR and 32.66 +/- 2.92% for QC (n = 3). The drug loadings were 0.0037 +/- 0.0001% for VCR and 1.36 +/- 0.12% for QC (n = 3). (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Endocannabinoids control hippocampal inhibitory synaptic

transmission through activation of presynaptic CB(1) receptors. During depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), endocannabinoids are synthesized upon postsynaptic depolarization. The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) may mediate hippocampal DSI. Currently, the best studied pathway for biosynthesis of 2-AG involves the enzyme diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL). However, whether DAGL is necessary for hippocampal DSI is controversial and was not systematically addressed. Here,

we investigate DSI at unitary connections between CB(1) HSP990 receptor-containing interneurons and pyramidal neurons in CA1. We found that the novel DAGL inhibitor OMDM-188, as well as the established inhibitor RHC-80267, did not affect DSI. As reported previously, effects of the DAGL inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin depended on the application method: postsynaptic intracellular application left DSI intact, while incubation blocked DSI. We show that all DAGL inhibitors tested block slow self-inhibition in neocortical interneurons, which involves DAGL. We conclude that DAGL is not involved in DSI at unitary connections in hippocampus.”
“During the commercial manufacturing of antimigraine drug Rizatriptan benzoate, several impurities are reported to be formed. This present work demonstrates www.selleckchem.com/products/3-methyladenine.html a convergent and short synthesis of the most critical impurity (C) of Rizatriptan, [2-(5-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine (1)], recently reported in U.S. Pharmacopeia.”
“Site-specific recombination systems, such as FLP-FRT and Cre-lox, carry out precise recombination reactions on their respective targets in plant cells. This has led to the development of two important applications in plant biotechnology: marker-gene deletion and site-specific gene integration. To draw benefits of both applications, it is necessary to implement them in a single transformation process.