All rights reserved.”
“Multiscale simulations using the two-dimensional NCT-501 in vivo quasicontinuum method

are performed to understand the nature of strengthening and weakening effect of Cu/Ag interface on nanoindentation at zero temperature. The investigation shows that the upper Cu film strengthens distinctly the lower Ag substrate. The nucleation and emission for first dislocation in Cu film is postponed obviously due to the effect of interface. Combined with the dislocation theory, a dislocation model of the interaction between the nucleated dislocation and the misfit dislocation is introduced to systematically evaluate the strengthening and weakening effects of interface on the Cu/Ag bilayer film system. It is found that the strengthening effect of interface on nanoindentation is governed by the resistance to the nucleated dislocation transmission, such as image force, lattice friction, and the repulsive force of the misfit dislocation. The bigger resistance will lead to the stronger strengthening effect. The weakening effect is mainly produced by the stress concentration and local misfit strain in the core region of the misfit dislocations due to the nucleation and propagation of misfit dislocations along the interface. The multiscale simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results and dislocation theory model. (C) 2010 American Institute

of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3452350]“
“Objective. The accuracies of intraoral radiography (IOR), multidetector helical computerized Barasertib research buy tomography (MDHCT) at slice thicknesses 0.63 mm and 1.25 mm, and limited cone-beam computerized tomography (LCBCT) were compared for

detection of horizontal tooth root fracture.

Study design. In 7 beagle dogs, 28 maxillary anterior teeth were used, of which 13 had artificially induced horizontal root fracture. The specimens were examined by the above-mentioned 4 modalities. Diagnosis of root fracture was based on direct visualization of radiolucent line ABT-263 inhibitor in each image by 6 radiologists.

Results. Sensitivity, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy (true positives + true negatives) for detecting fracture lines in LCBCT (0.96 +/- 0.04, 0.97 +/- 0.03, 0.93 +/- 0.04, respectively) were significantly higher than MDHCT at 0.63 mm (0.76 +/- 0.09, 0.8 +/- 0.05, 0.8 +/- 0.05, respectively), MDHCT at 1.25 mm (0.49 +/- 0.09, 0.66 +/- 0.04, 0.69 +/- 0.05, respectively), and IOR (0.51 +/- 0.18, 0.67 +/- 0.08, 0.69 +/- 0.08, respectively). Specificity and positive predictive value showed no significant intermethod difference among the 4 modalities.

Conclusion. Limited cone-beam CT is more useful than the other 3 radiographic modalities for diagnostic imaging of horizontal tooth root fracture. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;108:e70-e74)”
“Background: Recent studies suggest that large (>1 cm) diameter circular cutaneous wounds induce follicular neogenesis in mice.

(C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“We report the optical and magnetic properties of ZnO, Zn(0.97)In(0.03)O, and Zn(0.94)In(0.06)O nanowires (NWs). All samples have similar wirelike shape with an average diameter of about 70 nm and a length of about 10 mu m. The comparison of photoluminescence (PL) spectra at 10 K indicated that a new broad emission band appeared after indium doping, which is associated with donor-acceptor-pair recombination. Additionally, the intensity of oxygen-vacancies-induced visible emission increased with increasing In content, indicating that In doping

can induce many oxygen vacancies. Furthermore, magnetic measurements PCI-32765 mouse revealed that pure ZnO NWs are diamagnetic, while indium-doped ZnO NWs exhibit intrinsic ferromagnetism at room temperature. With the increase in In content, the coercive field and the magnetic moment for indium-doped ZnO NWs increase largely. Ferromagnetic ordering can be interpreted as being due to O vacancies induced by In doping, which is in good agreement with PL results. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3464229]“
“Relationship

between adhesion properties and phase structures of styrene triblock and diblock copolymer blends was investigated in detail. For this purpose, polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene triblock and polystyrene-block-polyisoprene diblock copolymers were used and the diblock content was varied from 0 to 100 wt All blends formed the sea-island structure in which S63845 spherical polystyrene domains were dispersed in polyisoprene matrix and mean domain size was 20 nm. The domain size was slightly affected by the diblock content. The fracture stress and strain measured by a tensile test decreased and the molecular mobility measured by a (1)H pulse nuclear magnetic resonance analysis increased with an increase of diblock content. The tack as adhesion property increased Cyclopamine order with an increase of diblock content below 70 wt %), then decreased over 70 wt To. The cohesive strength decreased and the interfacial adhesion increased with an increase of diblock content. The tack increases by the development of cohesive

strength and interfacial adhesion. Therefore, the tack showed the maximum at the optimum contribution balance between cohesive strength and interfacial adhesion. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 1766-1773, 2010″
“The afterglow of Eu(2+) activated SrMg(2)(PO(4))(2) can be greatly enhanced by the codoping of Gd(3+), as well as an interesting phenomenon of the improvement of the efficiency of the excitation light. However, Eu(2+) activated BaMg(2)(PO(4))(2) does not show the phosphorescence until the codoping of Gd(3+). It is suggested that the codoping of Gd(3+) improve the electron storage ability of material by acting as electron-trapping centers resulted from the nonequal-valence substitution of Gd(3+) replacing Sr(2+) and Ba(3+).

The results are obtained from the self-consistent solution of the three dimensional Schrodinger-Poisson equation. The dependence of the potential on the applied gate voltages is discussed in detail. We pay special attention to the potential distribution along the electron transport direction in quasi-one-dimensional channel. The potential barrier heights calculated in the closed-channel-regime agree well with our experiment. The calculations show that the potential barrier height as a function of gate voltage differs strongly in the open-channel regime and the closed-channel regime. On the other

hand, we calculate the quantized acoustic current by using the potential barrier obtained from self-consistent solution rather than using the simple analytical model. The results Selleckchem PCI32765 show that the quantized plateau accuracy is about 10(-5)-10(-4) within the minimum slope of the current plateau. (c) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3148263]“
“Background:

The interstitial 6p deletions, involving the 6p22-p24 chromosomal region, are rare events characterized by variable phenotypes and no clear genotype-phenotype Small molecule library correlation has been established so far.

Results: High resolution array-CGH identified 1 Mb de novo interstitial deletion in 6p22.3 chromosomal region in a patient affected by severe Intellectual Disability (ID), Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), and electroencephalographic anomalies. This deletion includes ATXN1, DTNBP1, JARID2 and MYLIP genes, known to play an important role in the brain, and the GMPR gene whose function in the nervous system is unknown.

Conclusions: Cyclopamine We support the suggestion that ATXN1, DTNBP1, JARID2 and MYLIP are candidate genes for the pathophysiology of ASDs and ID, and we propose that deletion of DTNBP1 and/or JARID2 contributes to the hypotonia phenotype.”
“Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the treatment of the hereditary autoinflammatory diseases, focusing on Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic

syndrome (TRAPS), cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) and mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD). We discuss recently published studies and their implications for current patient care and future clinical research.Recent findingsInterleukin (IL)-1 blockade is effective in most autoinflammatory conditions. Younger patients require a higher dose per kg of body weight. In FMF, colchicine remains the treatment of choice. Single daily dosing appears adequate. When colchicine fails, IL-1 blockade is effective. In CAPS, the beneficial effect of IL-1 blockade is sustained, and side-effects are limited. There is no evidence that one IL-1 blocker is superior to the other. In TRAPS and MKD, IL-1 blockade appears effective. Some patients have sufficient suppression of inflammatory symptoms with NSAIDs or corticosteroids.

Subjects living within 100 km of Oulu (n = 874) were invited to participate in lumbar MRI at 20 to 22 years of age (mean: 21.2 years). Degree of DD, type of Modic changes, and presence of disc bulges, herniations, high intensity zone (HIZ) lesions, and radial tears at all lumbar levels were assessed.

Results. Three hundred twenty-five women and 233 men (n = 558) attended the MR imaging. DD was significantly more frequent in men (54% vs. 42%, P = 0.005), as was multiple DD (21% vs. 14%, P = 0.036). The prevalences of disc bulges and radial tears

were 25% and 9.1%, respectively, without gender differences. HIZ lesions were more common among women than men (8.6% vs. 4.3%, P = 0.046), whereas herniations were significantly more common among men (5.6% vs. 2.5%, P = 0.047). Only 2 disc extrusions were observed, one in each gender. All degenerative disc findings were more common at the L5-S1 level except HIZ lesions, which were most likely at L4-L5. Compound Library in vivo 17DMAG supplier The prevalence of the Modic changes was 1.4%, without gender difference, type I being more common than type II. Typically, Modic changes were located adjacent to a DD Grade 4 disc and at the

2 lowest levels.

Conclusion. Almost half of young Finnish adult aged 21 years had at least one degenerated disc, and a quarter had a bulging disc. Modic changes and disc herniations were, however, relatively rare.”
“Besides the well-known gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, other Helicobacter species with a spiral morphology have been detected in a minority

of human patients who have undergone gastroscopy. The very fastidious nature of these non-Helicobacter pylori helicobacters (NHPH) makes their in vitro isolation difficult. These organisms have been designated ‘Helicobacter heilmannii’. However, sequencing of several genes detected in NHPH-infected tissues has shown that the ‘H. heilmannii’ group comprises at least five different Helicobacter species, all of them known to colonize the stomach of animals. Recent investigations have indicated that Helicobacter suis is the most prevalent NHPH species in human. This species has only recently been isolated in vitro from porcine stomach mucosa. Other NHPH that colonize the human stomach are Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter salomonis and ‘Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii’. In numerous Mizoribine clinical trial case reports of human gastric NHPH infections, no substantial information is available about the species status of the infecting strain, making it difficult to link the species with certain pathologies. This review aims to clarify the complex nomenclature of NHPH species associated with human gastric disease and their possible animal origin. It is proposed to use the term ‘gastric NHPH’ to designate gastric spirals that are morphologically different from H. pylori when no identification is available at the species level. Species designations should be reserved for those situations in which the species is defined.

Results: The adolescents consumed more energy and reported less hunger after the large-array meal than after the standardized meal (P values < 0.001). They consumed approximate to 70 kcal less EAH after the large-array meal than after the standardized meal (295 +/- 18 compared with 365

+/- 20 kcal; P < 0.001), but EAH intakes after the large-array meal and after the standardized meal were positively correlated (P values < 0.001). The body mass index z score and overweight were positively associated with EAH in both paradigms after age, sex, race, pubertal CH5183284 cost stage, and meal intake were controlled for (P values <= 0.05).

Conclusion: EAH is observable and positively related to body weight regardless of whether youth eat in the absence of hunger from GSK1904529A in vitro a very large-array meal or from a standardized meal. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00631644. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:697-703.”
“The aims of the study were to evaluate (i) the prevalence of MGUS in patients after liver transplantation (LT), (ii) the role of MGUS as a risk factor for malignancy and other

medical complications after LT. One hundred and fifty consecutive patients were included in the study and followed prospectively after LT for more than 18 months. Eighteen patients had MGUS before LT, whereas 49 patients developed MGUS after LT (‘de novo’ MGUS). Thirty-six of these patients showed a MGUS

along all the follow up after LT (‘permanent’ MGUS). In 31 patients, MGUS disappeared after LT (‘transient’ MGUS). No patient with MGUS developed B-malignant lymphoproliferative disorder and only one patient developed a myeloma after LT. Comparing patients with ‘permanent’ MGUS to patients with ‘transient’ MGUS or without MGUS after LT, the former group showed a higher rate of serious infections (30% versus 13%, P = 0.01), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (75% versus 44%, P = 0.001) and mortality (33% versus 17%, P = 0.04). Permanent MGUS was confirmed as an independent risk factor for serious infections and CKD by multivariate analysis. www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD7762.html Permanent MGUS after LT does not entail a significant risk of malignancy, but it is associated with a higher risk of serious infections and CKD.”
“Study Design. Report of a high dysplastic developmental spondylolisthesis in two identical twins of two unrelated families.

Objective. To investigate the multifactorial etiology of developmental spondylolisthesis.

Summary of Background Data. Multiple studies have suggested an association between a high pelvic incidence and the presence of isthmic spondylolisthesis. Other studies suggest a genetic background for spondylolysis and a pattern of inheritance of susceptibility to spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis.

A 36-year-old man started on hemodialysis support in 1996 due to biopsy-proven IgAN, living related renal transplantation was then performed in 1997. Six years after transplantation, the patient presented with microhematuria and proteinuria. Graft biopsy for these urinary abnormalities showed recurrent IgAN. Tonsillectomy was subsequently performed in December 2003, proteinuria remitted 6 months after the tonsillectomy and microhematuria disappeared three years later. Protocol graft biopsy was subsequently performed twice, at 2 yr after the tonsillectomy (2005) and 4 yr after (2008). Comparing the findings of the pre-tonsillectomy biopsy and the two post-tonsillectomy biopsies,

an increase in mesangial cells and matrix in 2005, and an expansion of U0126 molecular weight the mesangial matrix and proliferation of mesangial interposition in 2008. In addition, global sclerosis of glomeruli increased over time, the area of tubulointerstitial damage has extended as well. While the tonsillectomy led to clinical remission of recurrent IgAN, the chronicity progressed on

these protocol biopsies. This is the first report of GSK3326595 the efficacy and the limitations of tonsillectomy in a case of recurrent IgAN in a transplant patient.”
“Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly with less than 200 cases reported. It predominantly occurs in males and is nearly always diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. It is defined as a complete second passage from the bladder to the dorsum of the penis or as

an accessory pathway that ends blindly on the dorsal or ventral surface.

We present the case of a 54-year-old patient with incomplete urethral duplication.

Urethral duplication commonly occurs in the sagittal plane with one urethral channel lying dorsal to the other. Symptoms vary from completely asymptomatic to urinary incontinence which can lead to a mucopurulent discharge from a low grade urinary tract infection. Other symptoms include double stream (most common complaint) and intermittent urinary discharge.”
“Background: This study uses large nationally representative samples of White, Black, Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Other PXD101 price Latina, Asian American, and American Indian 8th-grade girls to examine racial/ethnic differences and similarities in patterns, trends, and socioeconomic correlates of cigarette use.

Methods: The data are drawn from the University of Michigan’s Monitoring the Future study. Prevalence and trend data (from 1991 to 2007) in girls’ cigarette use were examined by racial/ethnic subgroup. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which socioeconomic factors predict girls’ cigarette use, and whether the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and smoking differed across racial/ethnic Subgroup.

These perils justify reconsideration of medication washout before deciding on augmentation. There are unwarranted fears and resistance in the medical community toward selleck chemicals medication washout, especially at the moment a physician is trying

to decide whether to washout or add more medications to the treatment regimen. However, medication washout provides unique benefits to the physician: it establishes a new baseline of the disorder, helps identify medication efficacy from their adverse effects, and provides clarity of diagnosis and potential reduction of drug treatments, drug interactions, and costs. It may also reduce overall adverse events, not to mention a potential to reduce liability. After washout, physicians may be able to select the appropriate polypharmacy more effectively and safely, if necessary. Washout, while not for every patient, may be an effective tool for physicians who need to decide on whether to add potentially risky polypharmacy for a given patient. The risks of washout may, in some cases, be lower and the benefits may be clearly helpful click here for diagnosis, understanding medication effects, the doctor/patient relationship, and safer use of polypharmacy if indicated.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between preexisting maternal and pregnancy-related factors and developmental

delay in early childhood in moderately preterm-born children.

METHODS: We measured development with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire at age 43-49 months in 834 moderately preterm-born (between 32 0/7 and 35 6/7 weeks of gestation) children born in 2002-2003. We obtained data on preexisting maternal, maternal pregnancy-related, fetal, and delivery-related factors. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and attributable risks for developmental delay adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables.

RESULTS: Attributable risk for developmental

delay for small-for-gestational-age (SGA, as a proxy for intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR]) was 14.2% (SGA 21.9%, no SGA 7.7%, P<.05, adjusted OR 2.75, CI 1.25-6.08), for preexisting maternal obesity 10.5% (obesity 18.0%, no obesity 7.5%, P<.01, adjusted OR 2.73, CI 1.35-5.52), for multiple pregnancy 4.2% (multiple 12.0%, BI 6727 solubility dmso singleton 7.8%, P<.05, adjusted OR 1.86, CI 1.02-3.42), and for male sex 9.3% (male 13.0%, female 3.8%, P<.001, adjusted OR 4.20, CI 2.09-8.46). No other preexisting or pregnancy-related maternal factors or any delivery-related factors were associated with increased risk of developmental delay.

CONCLUSIONS: Of all preexisting maternal and pregnancy-related factors studied, SGA, maternal prepregnancy obesity, being one of a multiple, and male sex were associated with the risk of developmental delay in early childhood after moderately preterm birth.

For bias voltage pulses with increasing pulse width, the threshold voltage for back-hopping

appears to decrease together with spin-torque switching and junction breakdown thresholds, but its GSK3326595 cell line rate of decrease is less. Increasing the anisotropy field H-k by increasing the MTJ aspect ratio can raise the threshold voltage of back-hopping significantly. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3063672]“
“Background-Pitx2 is a homeobox transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in early left/right determination during embryonic development. Pitx2 loss-of-function mouse mutants display early embryonic lethality with severe cardiac malformations, demonstrating the importance of Pitx2 during cardiogenesis. Recently, independent genome-wide association studies have provided new evidence for a putative role of PITX2 in the adult heart. These studies have independently reported several risk variants close to the

PITX2 locus on chromosome 4q25 that are strongly associated with atrial fibrillation in humans.

Methods and Adavosertib chemical structure Results-We show for the first time that PITX2C expression is significantly decreased in human patients with sustained atrial fibrillation, thus providing a molecular link between PITX2 loss of function and atrial fibrillation. In addition, morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological characterization of chamber-specific Pitx2 conditional mouse mutants reveals that atrial but not ventricular chamber-specific deletion of Pitx2 results in differences in the action potential amplitude and resting membrane potential in the adult heart as well as ECG characteristics of atrioventricular block. Lack of Pitx2 in atrial myocardium impairs sodium channel and potassium channel expression, mediated in part by miRNA misexpression.

Conclusions-This study thus identifies Pitx2 as an upstream transcriptional regulator of atrial electric function, the insufficiency of which results in cellular and molecular changes leading to atrial electric and structural remodeling linked to arrhythmogenesis. (Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2011; 4: 269-279.)”
“Introduction:

Smoking can induce the onset of Crohn’s disease in genetically susceptible patients and may accelerate progression and disease severity. There is a paucity of information selleck products as to patient knowledge of the impact of smoking on disease progression. The aim of this study was to assess patient awareness, initiate smoking cessation therapy and monitor the effectiveness of an active smoking cessation programme in patients with Crohn’s disease.

Methods: All patients with a diagnosis of Crohn’s disease over a ten year period were identified from a prospectively managed database. Details of smoking history and patient knowledge of the link between Crohn’s disease and smoking were collected through a telephone questionnaire. Current smokers who wished to quit were enrolled in a smoking cessation programme and followed prospectively for 12 months.

“
“Background and purpose: Studies report on the reversal of electrophysiological parameters altered by atrial tachycardia after cessation of the latter. However, there is no data concerning reversal of tachycardia-induced alterations of ion currents. Reverse remodeling of atrial ion currents (I-Ca,I-L, LDN-193189 price I-to, I-sus) was studied in our rabbit model of tachycardia-induced electrical remodeling.

Methods: Three groups each with four animals were built. Rapid atrial pacing (600/min) for 5 days was applied in all groups. Thereafter, different time intervals (5, 10, 20 days) were awaited before the patch clamp experiments.

Results: Similar to Ito

remodeling in our model, within 20 days after cessation of atrial tachycardia, time course of Ito reverse remodeling was also U-shaped. In contrast, there was no significant recovery of I-Ca,I-L which was initially reduced by rapid atrial pacing.

Conclusion: Relevance of a missing recovery of I-Ca,I-L is likely as this current is closely linked with intracellular calcium handling. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The problem of coupling a whispering gallery mode laser into an

optical fiber is considered. The whispering gallery mode laser is generated in a polymer microring formed coaxially on the optical fiber. The focus of this paper is to determine factors that influence the coupling between the laser and the fiber around which it is formed. The coupling mechanism is analyzed and it is found that when the microring and the fiber are of elliptical cross section, there exists SB273005 controllable coupling between the laser and propagation mode in the fiber. The coupling between laser mode and fiber mode is due to characteristics of Mathieu functions that describe the fields in elliptical waveguides. It is shown

that the coupling between the laser and the dominant mode in the fiber can be optimized by the designing the dimension of microring, the eccentricity of the elliptical cross section, and the material contrast between fiber and microring.”
“The aim of this study was see more to investigate the antidepressant properties of stigmas and corms of Crocus sativus L. The aqueous ethanol extract of C. sativus corms was fractionated on the basis of polarity. Among the different fractions, the petroleum ether fraction and dichloromethane fraction at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg showed significant antidepressant-like activities in dose-dependent manners, by means of behavioral models of depression. The immobility time in the forced swimming test and tail suspending test was significantly reduced by the two fractions, without accompanying changes in ambulation when assessed in the open-field test. By means of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, twelve compounds of the petroleum ether fraction were identified. These data show that administration of C.

RESULTS: Combined treatment with hyperbaric oxygen and GH increased the mean bursting pressure values in all of the groups, and a statistically significant increase was noted in the ischemic groups compared to the controls (p < 0.05). This improvement was more evident in the ischemic and normal groups treated with combined therapy. In addition, a histopathological evaluation of anastomotic neovascularization and

collagen deposition showed significant differences among the groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Combined treatment with recombinant human growth hormone and hyperbaric oxygen resulted in a favorable therapeutic effect on the healing of ischemic colonic anastomoses.”
“Aim: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes BMS-777607 cost and practices among Singapore residents towards life-saving skills and providing emergency assistance in the community using a population representative sample.

Methods: A population based, random sample of 7840

household addresses were selected from a validated national sampling frame. Respondents were interviewed using face-to-face interview method. One adult aged between 18 and 69 years within each household was randomly selected using the “”next birthday”" method.

Results: The response rate achieved was 65.2% with 4192 respondents. The distribution of age, gender and ethnic group were similar to the Singapore resident population for 2009. A high proportion of participants believed that adults should be trained in first aid (89.1%) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (82.6%) while a lower proportion (57.2%) believed this for automated external Selleckchem PP2 defibrillator (AED). Proportion who had ever been trained in first aid was 34.3%, CPR was 31.4% and AED was 10.7%. In an emergency, respondents were most willing to

use life-saving skills on family members or relatives (87.6%), followed by friends and colleagues (80.7%) and complete strangers (61.3%). Common barriers to applying lifesaving Selleckchem Adriamycin skills were lack of knowledge (36%), fear of doing harm (22.1%) and lack of confidence (15.3%). Respondents who were more likely to have current life-saving certification were younger employed Malay male (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: This study found that although a high proportion of respondents believed that adults should be trained in first aid, CPR and AED, the proportion who had ever been trained in these skills are much lower. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of magnesium sulfate on ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in fetal rat brain. Methods. Twenty-four, 19-days pregnant rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Fetal brain ischemia was induced by clamping the utero-ovarian artery bilaterally for 20 min and reperfusion was achieved by removing the clamps for 30 min. The control group consisted of noninjured rats.