The small decrease observed in HER2 or HER3 protein levels in some 17-AAG–resistant cells was not enough to shut down the downstream signaling pathway, as ERK1/2 phosphorylation was unaltered. EGFR, HER4, and Akt protein levels were unaffected in 17-AAG–resistant cells. However, Akt steady-state protein levels and ERK1/2

phosphorylation levels decreased in sensitive cell lines, indicating that signaling pathways downstream of HER receptors were affected by 17-AAG treatment. Likewise, NVP-AUY922 treatment caused depletion of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 receptors, Akt, and ERK1/2 inactivation in all cell lines tested. HER4 receptor was barely downregulated in Caco-2 cells, but still the downstream signaling was interrupted. Hsp70, the hallmark of inhibition of Hsp90 function, was upregulated in 17-AAG–sensitive cell lines in all cell Palbociclib cost lines within 4 hours of exposure to both drugs ( Figure 4A), and only slightly upregulated in some 17-AAG–resistant cell lines at later time points ( Figure 5A). In addition, EGFR was downregulated in primary colorectal cell cultures,

as Hsp70 levels were augmented, except in the HCUVA-CC-34 primary cell culture after 0.1 μM NVP-AUY922 www.selleckchem.com/products/nutlin-3a.html exposure. ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels decreased after 17-AAG exposure and only in the more NVP-AUY922–sensitive cultures after treatment with this drug ( Figure 5B). EGFR protein levels were undetected in SW620 cells and HCUVA-CC-1 primary culture. Hsp90 levels were unaltered upon 17-AAG or NVP-AUY922 treatment ( Figure 4 and Figure 5). triclocarban To further determine the effects of Hsp90 inhibitors on the phosphorylation of these and other important signaling molecules downstream of HER receptors, we performed phospho-kinase arrays and found that the phosphorylation levels of the three Akt isoforms decreased after 0.5 μM 17-AAG and 0.1 μM NVP-AUY922 treatment compared to control levels in IMIM-PC-2 cells, except for the

Akt2 isoform upon NVP-AUY922 treatment whose phosphorylation levels were unaltered. In addition, the decrease in phosphorylation of ERK1/2 upon exposure to both drugs was confirmed. Interestingly enough, p70S6 kinase (p70S6k) and p90S6 kinase (RSK1) phosphorylation levels also diminished upon 17-AAG and NVP-AUY922 treatment ( Figure 6, A and B). The phosphorylation levels of RPS6, the target of p70S6k, which is downstream of Akt, were inhibited in IMIM-PC-2 and HT-29 cells, only slightly in Caco-2 and not affected in PANC-1 cells by 0.5 μM 17-AAG. However, RPS6 phosphorylation levels decreased in all cell lines tested after 0.1 μM NVP-AUY922 treatment ( Figure 6C). Since MDR is frequently associated with overexpression of ABC transporters, we wanted to determine whether these ABC transporters were involved in the intrinsic resistance to 17-AAG observed in these cell lines.

This work was supported by CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico); CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior); FAPDF (Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal) and UCB

(Universidade Católica de Brasília). “
“In the above article, errors were occurred in the Fig. 1A for NPY mRNA CeA panel during manuscript preparation and some images were identical. The correct CeA NPY mRNA panel for Fig. 1A is printed below. The authors regret this error. “
“Dyslipidemia is well recognized as one of the most pernicious metabolic disorders, consisting in an important risk factor of cardiovascular disease, the most prevalent worldwide [5] and [11]. Studies have shown a potential role for antihypertensive drugs on lipid regulation [15]. β-Adrenergic blockers and antagonists MK-2206 mouse of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are among the drugs that present better results in the control of metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia [4], [15], [25], [27] and [29]. Recent studies point out for a role of ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas SCH772984 in vivo axis as an important counterregulatory arm of the RAS, opposing several angiotensin (Ang) II actions in obesity [17], [20] and [21]. Transgenic animals that present a life time increase in plasma Ang-(1–7) showed an improved lipid

and glucose metabolism indicating an important metabolic effect for Ang-(1–7) [20]. On the other hand, mice that lack the Ang-(1–7) receptor, Mas [21], present a metabolic-like syndrome [21]. β-Blockers were also shown to present direct action on metabolic tissues such as muscle, liver and adipose tissue [10], [18] and [26], inhibiting hormone-sensitive lipase

activity in the early weeks of treatment and modulating cholesterol biosynthesis and/or catabolism [26]. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the association of a β-blocker, atenolol, and an oral formulation of Ang-(1–7) [12] on lipid metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Experiments were performed in male SHR (20 ± 2 weeks old) obtained from the animal facilities Biological Science Institute (CEBIO, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) kept in 12 h light/dark cycle room. Vildagliptin Four group of animals received orogastric gavage (1 mL/kg, daily) for 14 weeks of: (a) Ang-(1–7)/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin [CD-Ang-(1–7), 30 μg/kg/day of the peptide; n = 8]; (b) β-blocker (atenolol, 3 mg/kg/day; n = 8); (c) the association of CD-Ang-(1–7) and atenolol (n = 9) at same doses; and (d) vehicle, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD, 50 μg/kg/day; n = 9). The proportion of Ang-(1–7) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in the oral formulation was 43% and 57%, respectively. Blood pressure was measured in a group of animals by telemetry for 8 weeks, as previously described [3]. After 14 weeks of treatment, total serum cholesterol and triglycerides were measured by enzymatic method (Kit KATAL Biotecnológica Ind. Com. Ltd., Brazil) in fasted animals.

e. cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, pulmonary edema and death). Meanwhile intravenous administration (i.v.) of this low dose failed in producing these aforementioned effects, thus excluding a peripheral action of

the toxin ( Mesquita et al., 2003). In addition, a subcutaneous injection of TsTX in developing rats induced high amplitude discharges in nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) ( Guidine et al., 2009), a medullary area well known for integrating cardiovascular reflexes ( Guyenet, 2006). These discharges were correlated to electrocardiographic changes, as atrioventricular blocks of different degrees, ectopic beats, sinus tachycardia or bradycardia and premature atrial and ventricular depolarization ( Guidine et al., 2009). Altogether, these evidences strongly suggest that CNS is involved in the cardiovascular changes observed this website in severe scorpion envenomation. It is known that the previous health condition of the patient may determine the severity of the envenomation (Ismail, 1995). In this context, malnutrition, OSI-744 chemical structure another concerning syndrome that affects children in developing countries, represents an important factor to be considered (Ministério da Saúde, 2005). Deficiencies in dietary intake impairs the CNS (Agrawal et al., 2009, Egwim et al., 1986 and Lukoyanov

and Andrade, 2000), thus modifying the cardiovascular homeostasis (Benabe and Martinez-Maldonado, 1993, Bezerra et al., 2011a, Bezerra et al., 2011b, Loss et al., 2007, Martins et al., 2011, Oliveira et al., 2004 and Penitente et al., 2007) and the reactivity to centrally-active drugs (Almeida et al., 1996). Considering the high prevalence of both conditions (scorpion envenoming and malnutrition) in tropical countries, the hypothesis then raised is that malnutrition would change the cardiovascular responses produced by TsTX central injections. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the increases in mean arterial pressure

and heart rate evoked by the i.c.v. injection of TsTX in rats fed Astemizole a low protein diet. Tityustoxin (TsTX) was isolated from the venom of T. serrulatus scorpion as described by Gomez and Diniz (1966) ( Gomez and Diniz, 1966) and modified by Sampaio et al. (1983) ( Sampaio et al., 1983). The lyophilized toxin was solubilized in 500 μL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). A known concentration of TsTX, as determined by Hartree ( Hartree, 1972), had serum bovine albumin as standard, and was used to determine the absorbance coefficient read at 280 nm: [protein] (Ag/ml)/A280 = 279. Further determination of TsTX concentration was done by the direct reading of samples in the spectrophotometer (Hitachi spectrophotometer, model 2001, Japan). After determining the concentration of protein (4.76 μg/μL), the initial pool was stored in volumes of 10 μL each, and stored at −20 °C until the time of the experiments. All experiments used the same initial pool of TsTX.

In addition to E. coli survival assay, chromosomal aberration

test involving A.cepa system was also employed for the genotoxicity testing of the test samples [10]. Chromosomal aberrations are seen as a variation in the normal pattern of chromosomes at the metaphase-anaphase stage. It was found that the Allium cepa cells exposed to Aligarh waste water, refinery waste water and the test heavy metals exhibited a high percentage of chromosomal aberrations as compared to control. Moreover, it was seen that these samples caused a mitodepressive effect as there was a decrease in the MI value when the cells were exposed SGI-1776 to the test samples. This mitodepressive effect got reverted back in presence of the ROS scavenger, mannitol, as it might be helpful in the clearance of OḢ radicals. http://www.selleckchem.com/ALK.html Our results are consistent with the report of Rathore et al. [24] wherein myrobalan having scavenging properties reverted the mitodepressive effect caused by Pb in Allium cepa root tip cells. All test samples invariably caused the induction of chromosomal aberrations (Table 1 and Table 2). Rank and Nielson [10] reported the induction of chromosomal aberrations as a result of exposure to industrial waste water. Moreover, chromosomal abnormalities

in the bone marrow cells of mice were also demonstrated to be caused by untreated wastes from silk industries [25]. It is interesting to note that the E.coli survival assay as well as A.cepa chromosomal aberration assay both led us to suggest a significant genotoxicity of the test samples. Moreover, chromosomal aberration pattern seems to serve as a valid biomarker for the detection of pollution caused by certain test industrial waste waters. For instance, the aberration pattern of AWW in A.cepa system was similar to that of lead nitrate which suggests the significant role

of lead and similar heavy metals in the genotoxicity of AWW. In the year 2008, AB1157 strain upon exposure to RWW for 6 h showed the mean survival to be about 77% which was increased to 81% in our recent study in 2011, highlighting the reduced bacteriotoxicity of refinery waste. Howerver, there was little or no variations in the Resveratrol survival pattern of other mutant strains like AB2494, AB2463 and AB2480 from 2008 to 2011. Present findings on the phytotoxicity and genotoxicity strongly suggest the highly toxic nature of the liquid wastes from Aligarh and Mathura refinery. Contamination of water bodies would render them unsuitable for irrigation purposes and recreation activities rather consuming such waters in any way. Thus, there is an immediate need for the adoption of proper treatment and bioremediation strategies to alleviate the pollution hazards caused by these wastewaters.

01 × 108 m3 and 7.32 × 108 m3, respectively. The results indicate that water consumption of the midstream region has been growing significantly, and the abrupt increase started in the early 1980s. Streamflow difference

between Yingluoxia and Zhengyixia stations is characterized by four distinct stages according to the variation of the five year moving average (see Fig. 8), namely, stage 1: steadily decreasing (1957–1974); stage 2: steadily increasing (1975–1999); stage 3: variably decreasing Fluorouracil (2000–2005); and stage 4: variably increasing (2006–2012). It is still difficult to give a clear explanation to the decreasing trend for stage 1, but it is possible that the dry period, coupled with the absence of an effective water conservancy project, is the reason. The increasing trend for water consumption in the middle HRB during stage 2 is obviously due to the socioeconomic development. After the initiation of the EWDP on the main stream of Heihe River in 2000, water consumption was controlled in stage 3. During the third stage, to ensure water supply to the lower HRB in low-flow years, less water is used in the middle HRB such that a valley point can be seen in 2004. In stage 4, water consumption has been rising again, selleck chemicals although

water use has been restricted due to the EWDP. The EWDP sets rules for the minimal water release to the downstream through the Zhengyixia station but not the amount of water available in the middle HRB. It causes more water to be used O-methylated flavonoid in the middle HRB during the wet years, and explains the rising water consumption in stage 4. Drought and wetness is the dominant factor of water consumption in the middle HRB after the implementation of EWDP. In contrast, water released to the downstream through the Zhengyixia station is relatively stable.

The annual precipitation and temperature time series and their MK test results in the upper, middle and lower HRB for the last 53 years (1960–2012) are shown in Fig. 9. The graphs on the left in Fig. 9 are for precipitation data while those on the right are for temperature data. For precipitation, it can be seen that there has been a significant increasing trend in the upstream areas (with MK test Z-value of 2.35), a less prominent increasing trend in the midstream areas (with MK test Z-value of 1.63) and essentially no increasing trend in the downstream areas (with MK test Z-value of 0.69). Decadal variability of precipitation indicates that there is a most obvious wet period for the upstream areas during 2003–2012, but none for the midstream and downstream areas. For temperature, the MK test results show that the climate of the HRB has been getting warmer during the last 53 years. There was an oscillation of the mean annual temperature before 1997, but thereafter the annual temperature was always higher than the long-term mean temperature. The year of 1968 was the coldest year for the last 53 years.

117 per 100 person-years (PY). The

incidence of DVT appears GSK-3 cancer to increase markedly with age.12 Heit et al13 found that institutionalization (current or recent hospitalization or nursing home residence) was independently associated with 21.72 odds (among those with recent surgery) and 7.98 odds (without recent surgery) of having VTE. In another study, Heit et al14 found that 59% of VTE cases in the community could be attributed to institutionalization: hospitalization for surgery accounted for 24%; hospitalization for medical illness 22%; and nursing home residence 13%. To facilitate risk assessment for the unique characteristics of nursing home residents, a literature-based long term care (LTC) risk stratification tool for VTE has recently been developed by Zarowitz et al.15 In the nursing home setting, 3 studies evaluated the incidence of VTE diagnosed during facility residence,16, 17 and 18 and 1 study evaluated prevalence of asymptomatic disease.19 Using Minnesota Case Mix Review Program (MCMRP) data for the period 1988 to 1994, Liebson et al16 found a crude incidence rate of 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]:

0.9–1.5) to 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1–1.9) cases per 100 PY. In the same study, analysis of a second database (Rochester Epidemiology Project of Olmstead County, MN, 1998–1994) revealed a crude incidence rate of 3.6 (95% CI: 3.0–4.2) cases per 100 PY.16 Gomes check details et al,17 compiling Minimum Data Set (MDS) and Medicare records for residents in Kansas for the period

1997 to 1998, found a crude VTE incidence rate of 1.30 events per 100 PY (95% CI: 1.10–1.51) when excluding warfarin users. Gatt et al18 evaluated VTE incidence for residents with a length of stay (LOS) of 3 months or longer in a nursing home in Jerusalem, Israel, during the period 1991 to 2001. The crude incidence rate of VTE was similar in both chronically immobilized and mobile cohorts: 1.39 and 1.58 per 100 PY, respectively (P = .77). 18 Arpaia et al19 recently concluded that “[d]ata on the frequency of VTE among nonacute patients nursed at home or in long term care residential homes are still scarce.” The selleck chemicals llc current study updates earlier US research regarding the incidence of VTE events that occur during nursing home residence16 and 17 and introduces an analysis of the proportion of nursing home admissions that were coded for VTE. Data for this study were extracted for the data collection period January 1, 2007, to June 30, 2009, from the AnalytiCare longitudinal LTC database (www.analyticare.com). This database included MDS 2.0 assessments, pharmacy dispensing records, and resident characteristics from 181 nursing home facilities across 19 states (29% of facilities had 0–100 beds, 70% 101–200 beds, 1% >200 beds).

Supplemental XRT was delivered at two dose levels (20 and 44–50.4 Gy)

using a three-dimensional conformal technique. selleck screening library The planning target volume was inclusive of the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles plus margin. In patients with pelvic lymph node risk >10%, this volume was also inclusive of the pelvic nodal basins extending superiorly to the L5–S1 interspace (5). Among patients receiving XRT, 238 received 20 Gy and 427 received doses in the range of 44–50.4 Gy. In this same group, 452 patients were treated to the prostate only and 213 to the whole pelvis. For patients receiving 44–50.4 Gy of XRT, the mPD was 90 Gy (National Institute of Standards and Technologies 99) for 103Pd and 110 Gy (TG-43) for 125I. In those receiving 20 Gy of XRT, the boost was always delivered using 103Pd with an mPD of 115 Gy. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was administered for potential pubic arch interference or adverse disease features. Two hundred seventy-five patients (29.5%) received ADT. This included 167 patients (17.9%) receiving 6 months or less of a leutinizing hormone–releasing

hormone agonist for prostate gland cytoreduction and 108 patients (11.6%) receiving >6 months of a leutinizing hormone–releasing hormone agonist and an oral antiandrogen for adverse pathologic features. In patients receiving ADT, 25 received implant alone and 250 received implant in conjunction with XRT. After brachytherapy, patients were monitored by digital I-BET-762 research buy rectal examination and serial PSA measurement at 6-month intervals. The primary end points of this analysis were bPFS, CSS, and OS. Biochemical control was defined as a PSA ≤0.40 ng/mL after nadir (13). Patients dying with either metastatic prostate cancer or castrate-resistant disease in the absence of metastases were classified as experiencing a prostate cancer–related death. Continuous and categorical variables of Glutathione peroxidase interest were

compared using an independent t test and chi-squared analysis, respectively. Comparisons in bPFS, CSS, and OS between the two study cohorts were done using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify predictors of treatment outcome. Those variables with p-value <0.10 were then entered into a multivariate forward conditional Cox regression. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v. 13.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). With a median followup of 7.4 years, the 10- and 14-year bPFS, CSS, and OS for the entire Gleason 7 study group were 95.7/95.7%, 98.6/98.6%, and 77.2/64.3%, respectively. Compared with primary Gleason pattern 3, the Gleason pattern 4 patients had a statistically higher pretreatment PSA and percentage of positive biopsy cores (PPCs) (Table 1). The Gleason pattern 4 patients also received XRT more frequently and had a higher incidence and average duration of ADT use.

, 2011). The cytotoxic effects for almost all kinds of metallic, metal oxide, semiconductor nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and carbon based nanomaterials etc. have been reported. For establishing ‘safe’ nanotechnology it would be necessary to prove non-genotoxic nature of the nanomaterial in question. Several genotoxicity assays can be carried out in vitro. For example, in a recent article by Gonzalez et al. (2011) the applicability of in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay as described in OECD guideline signaling pathway for testing nanomaterials is reviewed. Several types of nanomaterials

were shown to induce a significant increase of MN frequencies. Based on the micronucleus test (MNinv) data on 21 nanomaterials, it was proposed that the in vitro MN test is quite appropriate to screen nanoparticles for potential genotoxicity. However it was recommended that protocols should be formulated to as to achieve maximum sensitivity and avoid false

negatives. Determination of the cellular dose, cytochalasin-B treatment, time of exposure, serum levels and choice of cytotoxicity assay was advised for a better interpretation of MN frequency results. The comet assay is a widely used in vitro assay in fundamental research for DNA damage and repair, in genotoxicity testing of novel chemicals and pharmaceuticals, environmental biomonitoring and human population monitoring. It has been employed for toxicity assessment of nanoparticles. In the article by Karlsson (2010) at least 46 cellular in vitro studies and several in vivo studies Doxorubicin using the comet assay have been reviewed. These studies had used the comet assay to investigate the toxicity of manufactured nanoparticles. Findings Inositol monophosphatase 1 indicate that majority of the nanoparticles exhibited high reactivity and cause DNA strand breaks or oxidative DNA lesions. Considering the sensitivity of the assay it

can enable the assessment of their relative potency. However, the author also states that, additional methods to measure DNA damage/genotoxicity should be employed and more studies investigating mutagenicity would prove valuable. Ames Test (or Bacterial Reversion Mutation Test) is yet another in vitro assay used to assess the genotoxic potential of nanomaterials. The test employs histidine dependent (auxotrophic) mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium. This test is usually employed as an adjunct technique because it is difficult to interpret the data generated in a prokaryotic system to a eukaryotic genotoxicity testing. Furthermore results could be ambiguous in some instances when certain nanomaterials are not able to cross the bacterial wall or in situations where the nanomaterials are bactericidal. Singh et al. (2009) have reviewed the abilities of metal nanoparticles, metal-oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, fullerenes, and fibrous nanomaterials, with reference to their potential to damage or interact with DNA.

I acknowledge all students, student teachers and expert teachers involved in the project: Nastassia Racenet, Carmen Page, Samuel Bellani, Nadine Sommer, Felix Stürner, Sigismond, Roduit, Claire Dumas, Aurélia Mercier, check details Laetitia Cuccuru Biasse, Joëlle Schreiber-Orso, Stéphanie Bocion, Catherine Veuthey. “
“La didactique s’est constituée initialement en s’appuyant sur d’autres champs en sciences humaines (psychologie du développement, psychologie sociale, sociologie, anthropologie, épistémologie, philosophie…) avant d’essayer de se constituer comme une discipline spécifique. Les didactiques se sont construites sur des questions d’apprentissage disciplinaire

qui en ont déterminé leur spécificité et leur structuration. Les courants actuels en France relèvent d’ancrages théoriques plus ou moins homogènes et ont produit des notions ou concepts différents ou complémentaires en partageant des principes constructivistes et socio-constructivistes. On peut observer des hybridations entre les courants1. Les recherches en didactique

ont démarré en mathématiques, puis les didactiques des sciences se sont développées autour des associations ou groupes de chercheurs tant nationaux (ARDIST2) qu’européens (ERIDOB3, ESERA4) ou mondiaux (NARST5, AERA6, ASERA7). A partir des années 80, les travaux fondateurs de Chevallard (1985), notamment avec la notion de transposition PI3K Inhibitor Library didactique, ont initié la Théorie Anthropologique du Didactique (TAD) et l’on doit la théorie dite des situations à Brousseau (1998). En prolongement de ces cadres, Mercier et al. (2002), Sensevy (2007) ont développé la Théorie de

l’Action Conjointe en Didactique (TACD) sur laquelle se sont fondés des travaux en didactique comparée. Parallèlement la didactique professionnelle a émergé à partir des travaux de Pastré (1999), inspiré par Vergnaud (l994), lui-même disciple de Piaget, et qui s,est également intéressé à l,enseignement des mathématiques dès les années 70. Des travaux en didactiques des sciences (biologie, physique-chimie) et des techniques se sont appuyés sur ces courants Flucloronide nés en didactique des mathématiques, d׳autres se sont davantage inspirés de la psychologie sociale (Giordan et al., 1994 and Astolfi and Develay, 1989), d’autres ont pris le parti de développer une didactique curriculaire (Lebeaume, 1999), tandis que d’autres se sont fondés sur une approche bachelardienne en développant le courant de la problématisation (Orange, 1997 and Fleury and Fabre, 2005). Nous situerons dans cet article ces différents courants ainsi que le courant de la didactique des Questions Socialement Vives (QSV) auquel nous contribuons et les filiations qui l’ont enrichi au niveau national et international (Fig. 1).

Die Iodprophylaxe hat in der vormals ioddefizienten Schweiz und anderen Ländern dazu geführt, dass es keinerlei neue Fälle von Kretinismus mehr gegeben hat; in einigen isolierten Regionen Westchinas tritt die Krankheit jedoch immer noch auf [12]. Zu den möglichen negativen Auswirkungen eines milden bis moderaten

Iodmangels während der Schwangerschaft ist nichts Genaues bekannt. Maternale subklinische Hypothyreose (erhöhtes TSH im zweiten Trimester) und maternale Hypothyroxinämie (Konzentration des freien T4 < 10. Perzentil in der 12. Schwangerschaftswoche) sind mit einer Beeinträchtigung der mentalen und psychomotorischen Entwicklung der Nachkommen assoziiert [13] and [14]. Jedoch gingen in diesen Studien die mütterlichen Schilddrüsenstörungen wahrscheinlich nicht auf einen Iodmangel zurück. In Europa sind mehrere randomisierte kontrollierte Studien zur Iodsupplementierung bei schwangeren Frauen mit Selleck Bortezomib mildem bis moderatem Iodmangel durchgeführt worden [15]. Iod reduzierte das Schilddrüsenvolumen sowohl bei der Mutter als auch beim Neugeborenen und erniedrigte in einigen Studien auch den maternalen TSH-Spiegel. Jedoch zeigte keine

dieser Studien einen Effekt auf die Konzentration der Gesamt- oder freien Schilddrüsenhormone, wahrscheinlich der beste Surrogatmarker für eine gesunde fetale Entwicklung [16]. Außerdem wurden in keiner der Studien langfristige klinische Resultate wie z. B. maternale Struma, Autoimmunerkrankungen der Schilddrüse oder die Entwicklung der Kinder untersucht. Zwar stört Iodmangel in utero offensichtlich Wachstum und Gehirnentwicklung des Fetus, check details über die Auswirkungen eines postnatalen Iodmangels auf Wachstum und Kognition ist jedoch weniger bekannt. Querschnittsstudien an Kindern mit moderatem bis schwerem Iodmangel ergaben allgemein eine Beeinträchtigung der intellektuellen Funktionen sowie der feinmotorischen Fähigkeiten; anhand zweier Metaanalysen wurde abgeschätzt, dass bei this website Populationen mit chronischem Iodmangel der IQ um 12,5 bis 13,5 Punkte niedriger liegt [17] and [18]. Jedoch werden die Ergebnisse von Beobachtungsstudien oft durch andere Faktoren, die die kindliche Entwicklung beeinflussen,

verfälscht; so konnte in diesen Studien zwischen den persistenten Schäden eines Iodmangels in utero und den Effekten des aktuellen Iodstatus nicht unterschieden werden. In einigen randomisierten Studien wurde der Einfluss einer Iodsupplementation auf die kognitive Leistung von Kindern untersucht; jedoch sind die Ergebnisse mehrdeutig, und ihre Interpretierbarkeit wird durch methodologische Probleme eingeschränkt [19]. In einer jüngeren Studie wurde 10 bis 12 Jahre alten albanischen Kindern mit moderatem Iodmangel 400 mg Iod in Form von iodiertem Öl bzw. Placebo verabreicht; die Iodsupplementierung verbesserte im Vergleich mit dem Placebo signifikant die Verarbeitung von Informationen, die feinmotorischen Fähigkeiten und die visuelle Problemlösung.