The was discharged after 10 days. Large foreign bodies can be retrieved by endoscopy and in selected cases gastrointestinal perforations secondary to foreign bodies can also be managed by endoscopy being surgery a

second line approach. “
“A 70-year old man with Parkinson’s disease, congestive heart failure, CABG surgery in 2005, hypertension, renal failure and a BMI of 39 presented with abdominal pain and increasing renal dysfunction. A CT scan was performed with normal findings. A gastroscopy was then performed. A junior doctor performed the endoscopy. He found a duodenal ulcer and a duodenal tumour. The patient experienced intense abdominal pain and abdominal distension immediately after the procedure. A senior surgeon was called find protocol to the endoscopic unit. He realised that a perforation had occurred and relieved p38 MAPK inhibitor review the abdominal pressure placing four 16 G needles through the abdominal wall. The patient was taken to the OR. He was treated with a covered duodenal stent that sealed the perforation. He was allowed to drink immediately after the procedure and recovered. The patient was dismissed within one week. The stent was removed endoscopically in conscious sedation after three weeks. A diagnostic laparoscopy was performed. There was old fibrin and foul liquid above the liver indicating a 2-3 days

old perforation. Due to plentiful intra abdominal fat it was impossible to visualise the duodenum. A per-operative gastroscopy was performed and the duodenal ulcer was recognised. The previously described “tumour”

was found to be the liver surface. Air bubbles were seen on the laparoscopic view while insufflating with the gastroscope, verifying a perforation. It was possible to pass the gastroscope outside the duodenum into the subomental area under the liver. The gastroscope was retrieved and passed down the real duodenal lumen. A guide wire was placed into the distal portion this website of the duodenum. A 9 cm partially covered duodenal stent (Hanarostent, M.I Tech, Korea) was placed over the wire, through the scope with the covered portion reaching into the stomach. No air bubbles were seen at laparoscopy, indicating sealing of the perforation. An abdominal drain was placed. We believe that covered metal stents can be used as a treatment alternative for perforated duodenal ulcers, especially in patients with comorbidities. This treatment option has recently been used in several patients at our department with good results. Simultaneous drainage of the abdominal cavity at the site of leakage seems to be crucial in most cases. Stent treatment together with percutaneous drainage may even be a future alternative to surgery in all patients with perforated duodenal ulcers. “
“Postoperative delayed bleeding of submucosal tunnel is a rare complication after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for esophageal achalasia. However, once it occurs it can be fatal.

Thus, the current results support that ventral striatal activity is a reward prediction error signal, and more than a mere reinforcement signal (Schultz, 1998). Moreover, BAS related activation was present in the medial orbitofrontal

cortex, which is connected to reward anticipation in reward sensitive subjects (Hahn et al., 2009). When an Z-VAD-FMK mouse unexpected reward cue is identified by the ventral striatum, the individual forms an anticipation of a rewarding event in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (Bechara et al., 2000 and Kringelbach and Rolls, 2004). Also as hypothesized, we found an antagonistic influence of BIS/FFFS on BAS related brain activation and behavior, supporting the Joint Subsystems Hypothesis (Corr, 2001). According to the view of separable subsystems, either an avoidance- or an approach related brain-behavior system is in exclusive control of the behavioral

execution at any moment, with each activation level independent of the other (Pickering, 1997). Most studies inspired by the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory have adopted this view, which, if incorrect, Lapatinib might explain the conflicting results in the literature (Corr, 2004). Corr suggested that the effects of joint subsystems will be more pronounced in situations with weak appetitive or conflicting stimuli (Corr, 2002) which was supported by this fMRI study. The distinct effects from N and SP on SR related brain activity and behavior in the present study shed light on the unique contributions of BIS and FFFS. According to the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory FFFS cancels approach behavior SB-3CT due to aversive stimuli while BIS limits,

but supports approach behavior under conflicts (Gray & McNaughton, 2000). One could thus expect that the strongest antagonistic effect on BAS stem from FFFS which we believed would be more closely related to SP than N. In fact, low SP promoted approach behavior demonstrated by the predictive strength of SR+/SP− scores on the right RT priming effect. Notable, this impulsivity measure is a more sensitive BAS measure than commission errors (Avila & Parcet, 2002), perhaps because commission errors reduce reward associations by dopaminergic depression (Schultz, 1998). Furthermore, SR+/SP− was related to activation in the hippocampus on which dopaminergic action facilitates declarative memory for both unexpected reward cues and subsequent stimuli (Adcock et al., 2006 and Wittmann et al., 2005). Finally, while SR+/SP− was related to activation in the anterolateral part of the ventral striatum spreading into putamen, the SR+/N− related peak activity was localized more posteromedially. The former area is associated with reward related learning independent of negative feedback while the latter responds to both aversive and appetitive stimuli (Jensen et al., 2003 and Mattfeld et al., 2011).

This is due to the fact that in shallow water regions the presence of the surge influences the tidal distribution through the bottom friction and non-linear momentum advection terms (Horsburgh and Wilson, 2007, Jones and Davies, 2008a and Xing et al., 2011). The statistics of the final set of model results for all 25 tide gauge sites and for principal diurnal and semi-diurnal constituents are reported in Table 1 and in Fig. 3. A satisfactory agreement between the computed and empirical tidal constituents is found. The average vectorial difference is lower than 1 cm for all constituents except for the K1 diurnal tidal wave. The highest differences are found in the Northern Adriatic Sea, which is one

of the areas with maximum tidal amplitude in the whole Mediterranean Sea. The Kassandra

model performance was compared with existing tidal models for the Mediterranean Sea. The selected ZD1839 in vitro tidal models used in this study, and for which results are available, are the following: • the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Tsimplis et al. (1995) which is forced by the equilibrium tide and the incoming tide at the Strait of Gibraltar. The model has a regular resolution of 1/12°° and considers the M2, S2, K1, and O1 tidal constituents. Inspection of Table 2 indicates that along the Italian EPZ015666 order peninsula and for the period considered the Kassandra modelling system (RSS = 1.46 cm) has performed better than both the hydrodynamic model of Tsimplis et

al. (1995) (RSS = 2.18 cm) and the assimilation based model (Table 3 in Arabelos et al. (2010)) (RSS  = 2.00 cm). In order to investigate the effect of wave-current interactions, the model results are compared to those obtained from the same system without considering the interactions between the tide, wave and surge (uncoupled version). Analysis of simulation results are presented in terms of the difference between the average of observed and simulated values (BIAS), centred root mean square about error (CRMS), correlation coefficient (Corr) and Scatter Index (SCI, defined as the CRMS divided by the mean of observed values). Wave set-up occurs only in the surf zones to establish the primary momentum balance between cross-shore breaker momentum acceleration (the major component in the radiation stress divergence) and the pressure gradient force (Bowen et al., 1968). Storm surge statistics, obtained comparing the modelled and observed residual signal (total water level minus astronomical tide), of the two simulations (coupled vs. uncoupled) do not differ significantly. Thus, even if the model coupling is correctly implemented, in the present model version the discretization at the coast (about 1 km) is not enough to properly resolve this process, since generally the surf zone along the Italian coast is in the order of few hundreds meters even during storms except the coastal part of the Northern Adriatic Sea, characterized by a gentle slope.

Total RNA was mRNA purified using OligoTex mRNA extraction beads (Qiaqen) with the resulting purified mRNA being eluted in 40 μl of nuclease free water. All RNA samples were quality checked by gel electrophoresis on a 1.2% TAE agarose gel and by spectrophotometry using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (LabTech International). Purified mRNA samples from regenerating check details arms of O. victoriae were pooled, in equal masses, for 454 sequencing on ¼ of a picotitre plate using the GS-FLX platform (Roche, Maryland, USA) at the DNA Sequencing Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge. The resulting sequence

reads were imported into Geneious (Drummond et al., 2010) for quality trimming and assembly into contiguous sequences (contigs). After quality trimming to a phred quality score equivalent of 20 (1% error chance per base) the remaining sequences were assembled using the assembler included in the Geneious software using the medium–low sensitivity option. Assembled contiguous sequences and singletons > 300 bases in length were imported into the Blast2GO program (Conesa et al., 2005) and compared to the NCBI non-redundant (nr) database using BLASTX with an E-value cut-off value of 1.0 e- 6 to identify transcripts with sequence similarity to known genes. These transcripts were further annotated using Gene Ontology (GO). Mapping of assembled sequence reads to known pathways and pathway map generation

was carried out using the KEGG Automatic Annotation Server (KAAS) with a minimum blast bit score of 60 for each alignment (Moriya et al., 2007). A phylogenetic tree to denote the Selleckchem LEE011 grouping of the putative Sox transcripts with known

Sox genes was carried out in Geneious (Drummond et al., 2010) using the Geneious tree builder plugin (Jukes-Cantor genetic distance Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase model , Neighbour-Joining tree building method without an outgroup). All sequence data were submitted to the NCBI SRA (short read archive) with the accession number: SRP013357.1 Assembly of the 454 pyrosequencing reads produced from the mRNA of regenerating arms of O. victoriae produced 18,003 contigs with an average size of 606 bp. There were also 31,947 singletons with an average size of 303 bp, of which 17,015 were > 300 bp in length ( Table 1), however, these were not included in the rest of this study. Of the 18,003 assembled contigs 3340 (19%) showed a blast match against the NCBI non-redundant database with an expected value cut off of 1.0 e− 6 ( Supplemental file 1). The low level of putative annotation was similar to that of pyrosequencing studies in other non-model invertebrate marine species ( Meyer et al., 2009, Clark et al., 2010, Clark et al., 2011 and Craft et al., 2010). In the blast search results 1240 of the 3430 matches (36% of the total) were to transcripts from the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ( Supplemental file 1).

To add more complexity to the regulation of HIF-2 activity, low intracellular iron levels have been shown to diminish HIF-2α translation and thus are predicted to limit HIF-2-induced EPO production and erythropoiesis when cellular iron stores

are depleted. This feedback loop makes sense physiologically, as erythropoiesis cannot occur in the absence of iron. The 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of HIF2Α mRNA contains an iron-regulatory element (IRE), a stem loop structure that binds iron-regulatory protein (IRP) when intracellular iron levels are low. 117 IRPs (IRP1 and IRP2) function as intracellular iron sensors that control the expression of several iron-sensitive genes, such as transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), ferritin and divalent Epacadostat manufacturer metal transporter 1 (DMT1). [118] and [119] Iron is incorporated into an iron–sulfur cluster at the center

of the protein and converts IRP1 to an enzyme with aconitase activity. In its aconitase form IRP1 does not bind to the IRE. In contrast, IRP2 does not convert to an aconitase and is regulated via iron-dependent proteasomal degradation. [117], [120] and [121] Depending on the location of the IRE stem loop, the IRP/IRE complex either inhibits translation (5′-IRE), or stabilizes mRNAs when the IRE is located in the 3′-UTR (e.g. TFR1 mRNA levels increase when intracellular iron is low). Since the IRE in HIF2Α is located in its 5′-untranslated region, HIF-2α translation is inhibited when iron levels are low. Selleckchem Everolimus This in turn limits EPO synthesis and thereby adjusts hypoxia-inducibility of erythropoiesis to iron availability. Mild to moderate perturbations in the HIF O2-sensing pathway lead to the development of benign erythrocytoses that are associated with increased or inappropriately normal serum EPO levels. This is in contrast to primary erythrocytoses, which are characterized

by suppressed serum EPO levels and are caused by molecular defects in erythroid progenitor cells or hematopoietic stem cells.[122] and [123] Other forms of secondary erythrocytosis that associate with increased EPO production result from chronic hypoxic conditions, such as COPD, Sitaxentan right-to-left cardiac shunts or high altitude, or can be due to EPO-producing tumors. Abnormalities in the HIF O2-sensing pathway were first observed in patients with Chuvash polycythemia. Chuvash polycythemia is a rare autosomal recessive form of secondary erythrocytosis that is endemic but not limited to Chuvashia, a republic in central European Russia. It is caused by a homozygous mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor at codon 200, R200W, and patients with the Chuvash mutation, who are ethnically distinct from Chuvashians, have been identified in other parts of Europe, the United States and Asia.[124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [132] and [133] Some patients are compound heterozygotes for the R200W and other VHL mutations.

Because EVS circulate in the blood flow, they serve as shuttle modules and signaling transducers not only in their local environment C59 wnt but also at distance from their site of origin. Classification of membrane vesicles, protocols of their isolation and detection, molecular details of vesicular release, clearance

and biological functions are still under intense investigation. EVS have been identified in the blood circulation for a long time, and have been first considered as cell fragments. In fact, EVS are quite heterogeneous and at least two main distinct types have been identified: exosomes (EXS) and microparticles (MPS). Both EXS and MPS are detected in blood flow, and arose out of cells such as platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells [20]. EXS are small (40–100 nm in diameter), spherical vesicles of endocytic origin that are secreted upon fusion of the limiting membrane of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Red blood cell (RBC)-derived vesicles (REVS) have

been also described in blood samples obtained from patients with many different diseases as well as a storage lesion from red blood cell Selleck Enzalutamide preparations dedicated for transfusion [21] and [22]. EXS contain subproteome cytosolic proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs, and are involved in intercellular signaling. In contrast, MPS bud directly from the plasma membrane and their size ranges from 100 nm to 1 μm (Fig. 1) [23]. A model of MPS formation including translocases, lipid rafts, various protein PRKD3 modifications and irreversible membrane rearrangements has been proposed (Fig. 2) [24] and [25]. MPS are not cell fragments or “dust” without any biological function [26]. They play a role in various broad biological functions such as thrombosis and hemostasis [20], [27] and [28], inflammation [27] and [29] or immunosuppression [30] and [31]. However, numerous similarities exist between EXS and MPS with respect to their physical characteristics and

compositions. These similarities frequently hampered the separation and purification of these EVS in body fluids and brought confusion in the scientific literature. In this review, we will mainly focus on blood EVS, with a particular emphasis on platelet and RBC EVS, as well as on MPS released during storage of blood units. For clarity purposes, the term EVS will be used in the following sections, grouping both MPS and EXS. Quantification, proteomic analysis as well as the biology of RBC-derived EVS (REVS), platelet-derived EVS (PEVS), leukocyte-derived EVS (LEVS), and of endothelial cell-derived-EVS (EEVS) are different, even if they share many common determinants. This review will present proteomic data that are “specific” for each type of EVS and then, will give insights onto the physiology of the various forms of EVS that are normally present in the blood or in blood products.

1). A 1/20 sloping beach was constructed from concrete. This slope angle is consistent with previous studies where mild slopes have varied from 1/15 (Li and Raichlen, 2003), to 1/20 (Synolakis, 1987) to 1/24 (Klettner, 2010), to 1/35 (Grilli et al., 1994). The water height was measured using 12 resistance probes

distributed along the length of the flume and a probe monitor (manufactured BIBF 1120 cell line in-house by HR Wallingford). The resistance probes were calibrated prior to each series of experiments due to their sensitivity to the conductivity of water. The sampling frequency was 50 Hz (so a temporal resolution of ±0.02 s), and the accuracy of wave elevation measurements was ±0.005 m. Runup was measured directly using a horizontal tape measure along the flume wall and recording the maximum penetration point of the first swash (accuracy ±0.01 m), along the centre line of the channel i.e., mid-distance between the Selleckchem Ceritinib flume walls, in order to avoid edge effects. For the runup tests presented in this paper, the surface elevation nearest the wave generator was used to determine the wave parameters (see Fig. 1), and the ratios of a/ha/h ranged between 0.02 and 0.18, for both elevated and N-waves. The advantage of the adopted pneumatic generator is that long and leading

depressed waves could be generated and were stable over the flume length. The wavelengths reproduced were much longer than the ones previously studied. The disadvantage was that some wave reflection occurred at the beach when elevated and leading elevated N-waves were created, due to the relative length of the waves. The measurement of runup is important for comparing the characteristics Acetophenone of the present waves with existing studies. Runup was estimated from the measured runup length RlRl and converted to a vertical distance using: equation(7) R=Rltanβ.R=Rltanβ.Wave period and wavelength were retrieved from the wave elevation time series. In many cases the second half of the positive part of the wave does not strictly correspond to the direct signal, due to the reflected waves travelling back from the beach. The period T   and wavelength L   are calculated

using the first half of the positive wave, assuming symmetry (a schematic graph within Fig. 1 illustrates the method used to estimate the wave period): equation(8) T=2(tηmax-t0),T=2tηmax-t0, equation(9) L=cpexpT.L=cpexpT.In (8), tηmaxtηmax is the time of occurrence of the wave peak, and t0t0 corresponds to the time when the value of the wave elevation is 1% of the maximum wave height (tηmax>t0tηmax>t0 and we set T1=tηmax-t0T1=tηmax-t0) prior to tηmaxtηmax. In (9), cpexpcpexp is the wave speed, determined from the experiments, by calculating the temporal correlation between adjacent wave probes. For N-waves, the trough does not trigger any reflections from the slope, so the parameters corresponding to the negative part of the wave are calculated on the full negative profile.

Treatment with a DPP-4 inhibitor, vildagliptin improved the expression of genes and proteins responsible for insulin secretion, indicating that DPP-inhibitors may affect glucose metabolism-related gene and protein expression (Akarte et al., 2012). To clarify whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are affected by AGL, we also studied alterations in BDNF levels in the brain after chronic, prophylactic treatment with

AGL. BDNF, the most abundant neurotrophin in the brain, stimulates neural migration; promote neuronal differentiation; induce neurite outgrowth; enhance synapse formation, GSK126 price learning and memory, and neuronal survival; lower blood glucose levels; improve glucose/lipid metabolism, and reduce appetite and body weight (Yanamoto et al., 2000b, Yanamoto et al., 2004, Nakagawa et al., 2003 and Hofer and Barde, 1988). Increase in intracerebral BDNF levels, prior to the insult, induces tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia, and improve the functional outcome in rodent models of ischemic stroke (Nakajo et al., 2008, Galloway et al., 2008, Yanamoto et al., 2000a, Yanamoto et al., 2000b, Yanamoto et al., 2004 and Yanamoto et al., 2008). In contrast, a genetic decrease in BDNF

levels in the brain increased volumes of infarcted lesions and worsened learning and memory (Yamamoto et al., 2011). Interestingly, BDNF levels in the brain were decreased in a mouse model of DM-2, and neurons from these animals were more vulnerable against hypoxia in vitro, compared to normal neurons (Navaratna et al., 2011). No animal died before the evaluation of volumes of infarcted BKM120 research buy lesions in the acute and chronic phase studies. During the operation, the physiological parameters of mice were stable and regulated within the normal range. There were no significant RVX-208 differences in body temperature, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure between vehicle- and the three different AGL-treated groups during the operative period (Table 1). No significant

differences were observed in body weight or blood glucose levels at the end of the treatment, with blood glucose levels of 170±22 mg/dL vs. 180±23 mg/dL in the vehicle- and AGL-treated groups respectively (p=0.234). Body weight was 23.5±1.1 g in the vehicle-treated vs.22.9±0.8 in the AGL-treated group (p=0.117). On analysis of the volumes of infarcted lesions, a significant reduction was observed in Group III (medium dose), as compared to group I (vehicle) (Fig. 1A and B). There was no significant difference in the edema index between the groups (data not shown). On assessment of neurological function in the acute phase (Fig. 1C), the SND score in group III was significantly smaller compared to group I (Mann–Whitney test), with no other differences. In the chronic phase, the volume of infarcted lesion in group II (medium dose) was significantly smaller compared with those in group I (vehicle) (Fig. 2A and B).

Moreover Reppas, Usrey and Reid Selleck MAPK inhibitor (Reppas

et al., 2002) found saccadic eye movements modulated LGN responses to flickering fields of uniform intensity in awake, behaving macaques. In a similar study, Saul (Saul, 2010) found that saccades changed the response times of neurons. These results show that anesthetizing the animal changes the nature of neuronal responses, especially how they might respond to natural scenes and naturalistic noise. In a similar technical convention that has constrained results, nearly all experiments have used annular stimuli (Alitto and Usrey, 2008, Babadi et al., 2010, Solomon et al., 2006 and Solomon et al., 2002) with a limited ability to fully examine the detailed spatial structure and extent of the ECRF. Non-uniformity of an annular structure in the ECRF has been reported (Webb et al., 2005), but a rigorous, definitive mapping has not yet been performed. Contemporary stimulus generation systems are able to present full-field arbitrary stimuli at high refresh rates, and contemporary computers are readily capable of analyzing large volumes of data

(Alivisatos et al., 2012 and Briggman and Bock, 2012) created by extensive stochastic stimuli. Further experiments in alert primates responding to natural stimuli that address these gaps in the current body of work are needed to better understand the visual system and its properties, and the technical and analytic tools to do so are now available. In this paper we have gathered current knowledge of PLX4032 mouse primate LGN receptive fields, classical and extra-classical, to illuminate the areas that need more work to achieve a better understanding. Much less is known about ECRFs, their source, shape, and how they behave in response to stimuli, than CRFs. Most of the studies that have involved LGN mapping concentrate on the CRF, and few have examined the ECRF. Just as there is more known about CRFs than ECRFs, there is more work Edoxaban done using artificial stimuli than with natural stimuli. Because most of the work

done has been with artificial stimuli, it is hard to know if the field is inadvertently missing important factors involved in visual processing that are present when natural stimuli are used. Technological advancement in stimulus generation and data analysis provide the opportunity to study the ECRF and the CRF in greater detail. Coupled with the growing appreciation of the importance of conscious influence on early sensory processing, the field could see a shift toward using natural stimuli in awake animals for a fuller understanding of the visual system. Despite the tremendous advances in the half-century since Hubel and Wiesel’s initial work, there remains much left to learn about the early visual pathway.

Then, the plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h and the zone of inhibition was calculated. The methanolic extract obtained was yellowish

green in the day light with the yield weighing 1 gm. Later, the samples were subjected to identify the molecular functional groups by FT-IR. Earlier studies on S. tenerrimum revealed the presence of biologically active phytochemicals such as amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins, proteins and phenolic PD98059 clinical trial compounds. 10 Major FT-IR peaks were observed at 3400 cm−1, 1639 cm−1 and 711 cm−1 ( Fig. 1). An intense peak at 3400 cm−1 indicates the presence of phenolic compounds with free O–H group which is usually broad. A peak with mild intensity with C C at 1639 cm−1 indicates the presence of alkenes. Further, a peak at 711 cm−1 indicates the out of plane blending of CH2 stretching. It have been also reported that, similar kind of peaks were observed in the methanolic extract of S. tenerrimum without Soxhlet extraction. 10 GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of S. tenerrimum. A total of 12 peaks were observed during maximum run time of 40 min. The spectrum of unknown components was compared with known components stored in the WILEY.8LIB and NIST05.LIB respectively. Based on the maximum percentage XL184 of hit compound name, molecular weight

and structure were obtained and were tabulated in Table 1. The results revealed that, compounds such as 7-Octen-2-ol, Propanedinitrile, Propane, Nitro-benzene, 1-Propanol, 1-Pentyne, 1,2-Benzoldicarbonsaeure, 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-penten-1-ol, Cyclopropanepentanoic acid, 6-Methoxy-6-oxohexanoic acid, 1-[2-(1-Methylethylidene) Cyclopropyl] ethanol and 3-Methyl-1-butanol were present in the methanolic extract of S. tenerrimum as shown in Table 1. The two unless peaks with a maximum area of intensity of 50.67% and 27.20% in the GC–MS analysis corresponds to 1, 2-Benzoldicarbonsaeure and Cyclopropanepentanoic acid respectively ( Fig. 2). Haider et al, 2009 reported that S. tenerrimum possess high amount of phlorotannin content that has anti-allergic property in mice model. 12 Similarly, Kumar

et al. 2012 have also reported the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with good antibacterial activity. 10 This reveals the presence bioactive functional groups are present in the methanolic extract of S. tenerrimum and it requires further detailed investigation. Methanolic extract was found to have significant antibacterial activity against all the tested pathogens at different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/ml) than the aqueous seaweed extract. The maximum antibacterial activity was observed against K. pneumoniae (12.1 mm) followed by S. aureus (11.9 mm), P. aeruginosa (11.8 mm), V. cholerae (11.7), E. coli (11.6 mm) and S. typhii (11.5 mm). The antibacterial effect of S. tenerrimum was could be due to the presence of phytocomponents ( Fig. 3).