Physiological characteristics were determined as recommended by Williams et al. (1983). Bacterial biomass for chemotaxonomic studies was prepared by culturing the isolate in ISP2 medium on a rotary shaker at 150 r.p.m. at 28 °C for 4 days. Cells were harvested and then freeze dried. The cell wall amino acid composition was determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) according to the methods of Schleifer & Kandler (1972) and Harper & Davis (1979), and by HPLC following the procedures described by Yokota et al. (1993). Cell wall diaminopimelic acid isomers and cell wall sugar composition were examined using TLC according to procedures described by Hasegawa et al. (1983).

Isoprenoid quinones were extracted with chloroform/methanol (2 : 1 v/v) Anti-infection Compound Library and purified by TLC using toluene as the solvent and the menaquinone fraction was analyzed by HPLC (Collins & Jones, Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor 1981). Cellular fatty acids were extracted according to the protocol of the MIDI system (Microbial ID Inc.). Peaks were automatically integrated and identified by

the microbial identification software package (Sasser, 1990). The DNA G+C content was determined by HPLC as described by Mesbah et al. (1989). The Streptomyces sp. CMU-JT005 isolate was cultivated on ISP2 agar plates (1000 plates) each containing 20 mL of the medium composed of yeast extract 0.4%, malt extract 1%, glucose 0.4% and agar 1%; the pH was adjusted to 6.8. The plates were incubated at room temperature (25±3 °C) for 3 weeks. The agar covered with mycelium

was cut into pieces and extracted with ethyl acetate. The crude extract (5 g) obtained was chromatographed on silica gel (column 50 × 4 cm) with a stepwise CH2Cl2/MeOH gradient of increasing polarity. Fractions were monitored by TLC (DC sheets Polygram SIL G/UV254, Macherey-Nagel & Co., Düren, Germany). Similar fractions were combined. Four fractions were obtained and further purified on Sephadex LH-20 (column 60 × 1 cm, MeOH, 0.5 mL min−1) to produce compounds 1–3. The compounds were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV and MS. NMR spectra were measured on Bruker AMX 300 (300.135 MHz), Varian Unity 300 (300.145 MHz) and Varian Inova 500 (499.876 MHz) spectrometers, and UV spectra were measured on a Cary 3E UV/vis Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase spectrophotometer. TLC was performed on Polygram SIL G/UV254 (Macherey-Nagel & Co.). Rf values were measured on Polygram SIL G/UV254 (Macherey-Nagel & Co.) using CH2Cl2/5% MeOH. Size exclusion chromatography was done on Sephadex LH-20 (Lipophilic Sephadex, Amersham Biosciences Ltd; purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie, Steinheim, Germany). Strain CMU-JT005 showed monoverticillate substrate mycelia and hyphae under the light microscope. The mycelium is branched. The scanning electron micrograph of the strain (Fig. 2) revealed that the aerial mycelium was monopodially branched and the spores were smooth. The cultural characteristics of the strain are shown in Table 1.

When grown in different media, this is mentioned. In all BIBF 1120 chemical structure experiments, the strains were cultured from stocks kept at −80 °C. Double knockout mutants in mutM and mutY were constructed using the Cre-lox system for gene deletion and antibiotic resistance marker recycling. Combined sacB-based negative selection and

cre-lox antibiotic marker recycling for efficient gene deletion in P. aeruginosa were used (Quenee et al., 2005). Upstream and downstream PCR fragments (Primers listed in Table S1) of the wild-type mutM or mutY gene from P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 were digested with HindIII and either BamHI or EcoRI, and cloned by a three way ligation into pEX100Tlink deleted for the HindIII site and opened by EcoRI and BamHI. Eighty-four residues from position 268 were deleted, when the upstream and downstream mutM amplified fragments were joined in pEX100Tlink vector, and 76 residues from position 374 were deleted in mutY, respectively. The resulting plasmids (pEXTMM and pEXTMY) were transformed into E. coli XL1Blue strain, and transformants were selleckchem selected in 30 mg L−1 ampicillin LB agar plates. The lox flanked gentamicin resistance cassette (aac1) obtained by HindIII restriction of plasmid pUCGmlox was cloned into the HindIII sites in pEXTMM and pEXTMY

formed by the ligation of the upstream and downstream PCR fragments. The resulting plasmids were transformed into E. coli XL1Blue strain, and transformants were selected on 30 mg L−1 ampicillin–5 mg L−1 gentamicin LB agar plates. The resulting plasmids (pEXTMMGm and pEXTMYgm) Pregnenolone were then transformed into the E. coli S17-1 helper strain. Single knockout mutants were generated by conjugation, followed by selection of double recombinants using 5% sucrose-1 mg L−1 cefotaxime-30 mg L−1 gentamicin LB agar plates. Double recombinants were checked by screening for ticarcillin (100 mg L−1)

susceptibility and afterwards by PCR amplification and sequencing. For the recycling of the gentamicin resistance cassettes, plasmid pCM157 was electroporated into different mutants. Transformants were selected in 250 mg L−1 tetracycline LB agar plates. One transformant for each mutant was grown overnight in 250 mg L−1 tetracycline LB broth to allow the expression of the cre recombinase. Plasmid pCM157 was then cured from the strains by successive passages on LB broth. Selected colonies were then screened for tetracycline (250 mg L−1) and gentamicin (30 mg L−1) susceptibility and checked by PCR amplification. The single knockout mutants obtained were named PAOMMgm and PAOMYgm. To obtain the double mutant, the conjugation experiments with pEXMMGm using PAOMY as recipients were performed as described above. MutY-mutM double mutant was named PAOMY-Mgm. The maximum growth rate was found to be the same for PAOMY-Mgm and PAO1 in LB (Philipsen et al., 2008).

3d). At 60 °C, after incubation for 1 h, the surface-displayed phytase retained approximately 45% activity (Fig. 3d), Compound Library price whereas the secreted phytase retained approximately 80% activity (Promdonkoy et al., 2009). Although the thermostability exhibited by the surface-displayed phytase is lower than that of the native or secreted

phytase, this lower thermostability could be completely circumvented when the cell-surface phytase was mixed with feedstuff. The lower thermostability of cell-surface-displayed enzyme compared with secreted enzyme has also been observed for lipase LipY7p and LipY8p expressed on the cell surface of P. pastoris (Jiang et al., 2007). After heat treatment, cell debris was observed in those samples harboring immobilized lipases, implying that yeast cells were fractured by heat treatment. The lower thermostability may be due, in part, to steric hindrance with the α-agglutinin domain, which may interfere with phytase structure. Inserting a linker

region between phytase and the α-agglutinin domain may help circumvent ERK inhibitor nmr this problem. However, because other characteristics of the cell-surface-displayed phytase (such as its temperature and pH optimum) are similar to those of native enzymes and free enzymes, it is unlikely that the α-agglutinin domain interferes with phytase function at the catalytic domain. Protease susceptibility analysis revealed that rPhyA170-agg was resistant to pepsin at least up to a cell wet weight : pepsin

ratio of 1 : 1, as phytase activity was unchanged, whereas phytase was resistant to trypsin at cell wet weight : trypsin ratio of 200 : 1 or higher (data not shown). These protease Inositol oxygenase resistance properties suggest that the cell-surface phytase can function in the presence of protease, especially pepsin. In vitro digestibility tests were performed to investigate the ability of the recombinant phytase to digest phytic acid in corn-based feedstuff in the presence of pepsin and pancreatin. The amount of phosphate released from feedstuff mixed with celPhyA170-agg cells was compared with that from feedstuff mixed with the secreted phytase r-PhyA170 (Fig. 4a). No significant difference was observed in the amounts of phosphate released from either mixture, demonstrating that the cell-surface-displayed phytase can function as well as the secreted phytase, which in turn was previously shown to function similarly to existing commercial phytase (Natuphos, BASF; Promdonkoy et al., 2009). In addition, although cell-surface-displayed phytase exhibits lower thermostability than the secreted phytase in the absence of stabilizer, when celPhyA170-agg cells were mixed with feedstuff before heat treatment simulating the pelleting process (3 min at 80 °C or 5 min at 90 °C), the amount of phosphate released was similar to the amount released by the secreted phytase (Fig. 4b).

Test accuracy was assessed by

the degree of misclassification (both under- and over-diagnosis) of patients into normal glycaemic control, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus based on OGTT data using WHO criteria. A predictive index (PI) was generated using stepwise ordinal regression models (incorporating FPG, HbA1c, HDL-C, triglycerides, age and gender). HbA1c alone, using the International Expert Committee cut-off values, had unacceptably high misclassification rates (49.0% under- and 2.5% UK-371804 clinical trial over-diagnosed). This did not improve when ADA criteria were examined, despite their lower cut-off values for normoglycaemia (44.4% under- and 7.1% over-diagnosed). FPG was marginally better, misclassifying 44.4% (mostly under-diagnosis; 41.4%). The PI had the lowest misclassification rate (35.9%; with 22.7% under- and 13.1% over-diagnosed). In conclusion, our data suggest that HbA1c alone offers little advantage over FPG in detecting dysglycaemia in this high risk population. Our approach using a predictive

index to combine HbA1c with other test data will enhance its performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons. “
“The objective of this audit was to compare treatment outcomes in patients on dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like Tanespimycin price peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists within a hospital clinic setting, and to identify factors that might influence their response to treatment. We undertook Axenfeld syndrome a retrospective audit of 118 consecutive patients who received either a DPP-4 inhibitor or a GLP-1R agonist as add-on to existing oral hypoglycaemic agent therapy. Primary clinical outcomes compared were change in HbA1c and weight. The clinical characteristics of patients who responded with both weight loss and improvement in HbA1c were compared to those who did not. The results showed that more patients (73.6%) were on a GLP-1R agonist;

57% of patients on a GLP-1R agonist lost weight and had improved HbA1c compared to 40% of patients on a DPP-4 inhibitor. The mean reduction in HbA1c was 8.4mmol/mol with a mean weight loss of 2.6kg. There were good correlations between the initial HbA1c and decline in HbA1c in both treatment groups. In all, 68.3% of patients on additional insulin treatment improved HbA1c while 46.3% improved in terms of both weight and HbA1c. Patients not on insulin responded better to treatment (OR 1.96; p=0.047) with these agents. It was concluded that good metabolic control can be achieved if these agents are used judiciously. The DPP-4 inhibitors improve HbA1c but are weight neutral, while the GLP-1R agonists cause both weight loss and improvements in HbA1c. The addition of insulin under specialist supervision can be beneficial. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. Practical Diabetes 2013; 30(4): 159–162 “
“Diabetes is a global epidemic and the highest prevalence rates in the world are found in Gulf Corporation Council countries, including Qatar.

On April 3, 2008, around 10 am, an 11-year-old Swedish female died after being stung by jellyfish on Klong Dao Beach, Koh Lanta.19 She and three other girls (similar ages) were paddling and playing in water 1 m deep, about 20 m from the beach. The girls screamed, attracting the attention of hotel staff, who ran into the water to assist. The girl was pulled from the water but was blue and pulseless some 4 minutes postenvenomation despite CPR and application of vinegar and a locally obtained salve. The others received minor stings but survived, one requiring hospitalization, the other two treated at the beach.

A 7-year-old male was stung on the left forearm, left thigh, and trunk by an unknown jellyfish while wading at Pattaya INNO-406 cost Beach, the exact date unstated.20 He developed contact dermatitis and acute renal failure with hemoglobinuria with renal biopsy showing acute tubular necrosis. Supportive treatments improved both dermatitis and CP-868596 cell line renal function. On December

27, 2007, in Koh Mak, a 6-year-old male, his mother and father were all stung by a jellyfish, 3 m from a beach restaurant.20 Another young female from eastern Europe also received a painful sting. They were treated immediately with a local “potion” which stopped the pain “in seconds” and left no scars. The next day, December 28, 2007, a 46-year-old male was stung by over 2 m of tentacle at Koh Mak.21 A woman at a nearby beach restaurant used a (possibly the same) “wonderful” local potion, leaving “no skin marks. On December 30, 2007, at a sandy beach also on Koh Mak, a 4-year-old male wading in 30 cm of water where others were swimming and snorkeling, received a large sting.22 Within seconds he became unconscious, apnoeic, and cyanosed. Two minutes after dousing with about 1.5 L of vinegar, he spontaneously regained consciousness. He spent 3 days in Trat SSR128129E hospital but has permanent scarring over his legs (Figure

2). His parents received minor stings while rescuing him. Subsequent anecdotal evidence revealed that another boy almost drowned in deep water nearby after a minor sting the year before.22 On April 18, 2008, at about 5 pm, a 47-year-old male received a sting in 1 m of water fronting the Marriott Hua Hin (200 km SW of Bangkok), in the western Gulf of Thailand.21 The victim’s wife saw the jellyfish (described as a “box jellyfish” 20–30 cm in diameter with 3–4 finger-like tentacles, 15–20 cm long) as a wave dumped it on her husband’s forearm. He had received several previous jellyfish stings in Thailand (see incident December 28, 2007, above), although this was more severe. The skin marks were similar to this previous sting, although the jellyfish in Koh Mak looked “younger” (cleaner and clearer) than this one that had a brownish–bluish bell. This time, the victim was taking “heavy treatment for allergy” which possibly mitigated the initial impact but had no effect on the skin damage. Topical cortisone was applied, seemingly helping reduce the severe skin pain.

, 1989; Yu et al., 1998; Berg et al., 1999; Blomquist et al., 2001; Barbara et al., 2002; Morton et al., 2003; Kakizawa et al., 2004, 2009). Furthermore, since they are major proteins of the phytoplasma cell surface, Imps are predicted to play some important roles in phytoplasma–host interactions. The formation of a complex between antigenic membrane protein (Amp) of onion yellows phytoplasma and insect microfilaments has been correlated with the phytoplasma-transmitting capability of leafhoppers, suggesting that the interaction between Amp and insect microfilaments plays a role in phytoplasma transmissibility

(Suzuki et al., 2006). Moreover, the Amp appears to have evolved under strong positive Quizartinib solubility dmso selection, indicating that it plays an important role in phytoplasma fitness (Kakizawa et al., 2006b, 2009). Genes encoding Imps have been isolated from several phytoplasma groups, and have been classified into three types: (1) the specific Imp found in sweet potato witches’ broom (Yu et al., 1998), apple proliferation (Berg et al., 1999), European stone fruit yellows (Morton et al., 2003), pear decline (Morton et al., 2003), and peach yellow leaf roll (Morton et al., 2003) phytoplasmas; (2) immunodominant membrane protein A (IdpA), found in western X-disease (WX) phytoplasma (Blomquist et al., 2001); and (3) Amp, found in aster yellows (Barbara et al.,

2002), clover phyllody (Barbara et al., 2002), and onion yellows (Kakizawa et al., 2004) phytoplasmas. These three types of proteins, Imp, IdpA, and Amp, share no amino acid sequence similarities FG-4592 datasheet and differ in their transmembrane structures. Several phytoplasma strains harbor genes encoding two types of these proteins and one of which is

predominantly expressed [e.g. OY and WX encode imp, in addition to each major protein gene (Kakizawa et al., 2006a, 2009)]. Imp is conserved in many phytoplasmas, and might thus represent the ancestral Imp (Kakizawa et al., 2009). PoiBI belongs to 16SrIII ribosomal group (Lee et al., 1998), which implies that the Imp of PoiBI might be IdpA, as it is in WX (Blomquist et al., 2001). Despite the commercial importance of PoiBI, its Imp has not been studied, and only a few of its genes have been cloned, second such as those encoding the 16S rRNA gene-ITS-23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region, isoleucine tRNA, ribosomal protein L15, L22, protein translocase (secY), and methionine aminopeptidase (Martini et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2010). In the present study, we cloned both the imp and idpA genes from PoiBI, and analyzed Imp and IdpA protein expression in PoiBI-infected poinsettia cultivars. Contrary to expectation, the major membrane protein of PoiBI is Imp, and not IdpA. Moreover, as part of a detailed analysis of the biology and diversity of PoiBI, we examined the evolutionary implications of the Imp and IdpA protein sequences.

Methylomirabilis oxyfera whole-cell extracts were separated (30 μg of protein per lane) on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Protran®, Germany) with a semi-dry transfer cell blotting system (Bio-Rad).

Blotting was performed GSK-3 signaling pathway at 100 mA for 45 min with a transfer buffer containing 25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine and 20% methanol. After blotting, the blots were air-dried and stored at 4 °C until further use. For immunoblotting, the stored blots were washed in distilled water for 30 min. Subsequently, the blots were (1) incubated in blocking buffer (1% BSA) in Tris-buffered saline (TBS; 10 mM Tris-HCL, 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.4) for 1 h; (2) incubated for 1 h in either blocking buffer or rabbit preimmune learn more serum diluted 250-fold in blocking buffer (negative controls) or antiserum diluted 250-fold in blocking buffer; (3) washed tree times for 10 min in TBS containing 0.05% Tween20; (4) incubated for 1 h in monoclonal mouse α-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate (γ-chain specific;

Sigma, The Netherlands) diluted 1500-fold in blocking buffer; (5) washed two times for 10 min in TBS containing 0.05% Tween and three times for 10 min in TBS; and (6) incubated for 5 min in alkaline phosphatase substrate BCIP/NBT (Sigma), rinsed in distilled water and air-dried. Cells from the M. oxyfera enrichment culture were chemically fixed by immersion in 2% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde

in 0.1 M PHEM buffer (25 mM HEPES, 10 mM EGTA, 60 mM PIPES, 2 mM MgCl2, pH 6.9) for 1 h, at room temperature, followed by overnight fixation at 4 °C. Next, the samples were washed three times with 0.1 M PHEM buffer pH 6.9 and resuspended in 12% gelatin in 0.1 M PHEM buffer pH 6.9 at 37 °C. After 5 min at 37 °C, the samples were pelleted by a centrifugation step, half of the supernatant was removed, and the samples were placed on ice for 15 min. The gelatin-embedded cells were Clomifene cut into small cubes (1–2 mm3) under a stereo microscope, infiltrated overnight in rotating vials at 4 °C with 2.3 M sucrose in 0.1 M PHEM buffer pH 6.9 and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Cryosectioning was performed in a cryoultramicrotome (UCT/FCS or UC6/FCS; Leica Microsystems, Vienna, Austria). Ultrathin cryosections (about 70-nm) were picked up with a drop of 1% methylcellulose and 1.15 M sucrose in PHEM buffer and transferred to carbon-formvar-coated grids (copper, hexagonal 100-mesh) for immunogold localization. For single labelling, grids containing ultrathin sections of M.

, 1994; Anderson et al., 2006; Blake & Grafman, 2006). VmPFC and OFC lesions have been implicated in a variety of emotional and decision-making deficits (Bechara et al., 2000; Fellows, 2007; Clark

et al., 2008; Heberlein et al., 2008). However, the lesions in patients are often a result of stroke or head trauma and as a result the damage is often not restricted to one cortical area. In conjunction with the previous study reported by Rudebeck et al. (2006), the present results suggest that it is not damage to the mOFC in patients with vmPFC lesions which causes alterations in social behaviour but rather Trametinib order damage to the subgenual and perigenual cingulate cortex and possibly to the medial frontopolar cortex (Bechara et al., 1997; Camille et al., 2004). Furthermore, loss of the white matter tracks underlying damaged cortex may contribute to impairments (Philippi et al., 2009). It remains a possibility that while mOFC is not essential for simple social valuation it is important for more complex judgments involving regret or

guilt (Saver & Damasio, 1991; Camille et al., 2004; Koenigs & Tranel, 2007; Koenigs et al., 2007; Krajbich et al., 2009). However, judgments about regret do not just reflect broader social considerations but they also require consideration of counterfactual outcomes that are then compared with actual outcomes. GSK-3 inhibitor It has recently become clear that information about counterfactual outcomes is represented in parts of frontopolar cortex (Boorman et al., 2009) that may also be damaged in patients with vmPFC lesions. Judgments about guilt may also require knowledge of one’s own or another person’s intentions and therefore depend on paracingulate areas implicated in theory of mind (Amodio & Frith,

2006; Frith & Frith, 2006; Behrens et al., 2008; Hampton et al., 2008). It is also possible that the mOFC is more important in complex social situations in which choices have to be made between many different possible courses of action. We have found evidence that the macaque mOFC is especially important when decisions have to be made between multiple options that are all associated with different levels of reward (Noonan et al., Fossariinae 2010). This suggests that mOFC might be more important in complex social decision-making settings that require consideration of the benefits of several different possible choices. Previous investigations of large OFC lesions have reported reduced fearfulness and increased aggressiveness (Izquierdo et al., 2005; Machado & Bachevalier, 2006, 2008). The work of Machado & Bachevalier (2006) suggests that the lesion in the lateral part of the OFC (area 11 and 13) may have been critical for causing these deficits. Rudebeck et al. (2006) previously showed that animals with PFv+o lesions, which included lateral OFC, were significantly less fearful than control animals and animals with ACCg lesions.

1b). Ethanol was the primary fermentation product; and most of it was produced during the first day and the yield increased continuously. The content of acetic acid increased significantly, especially during the first 3 days. Like ethanol, butyric acid was mainly

produced during the first day and thereafter maintained a constant level. Cellobiose was detected on the third day, and with a peak value of 0.02 g L−1 on the fourth day. Glucose was only detected on the second day, with a concentration of 0.02 g L−1. see more The low concentration of the cellobiose and glucose indicated their immediate consumption. A minor proportion of butanol was detected on the 10th day, with a concentration of 0.016 g L−1. Normally, butanol is produced by mesophilic anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium acetobutylicum; however, the thermophilic bacterial mixtures (60 °C) studied here also showed butanol production, indicating the

presence of thermophilic butanol-producing species in the community. However, other fermentation products still remained to be determined. Note that FP degradation was not a secondary consequence of using l-cysteine and bicarbonate as primary carbon source. This was confirmed using a medium with FP as the sole carbon source (without l-cysteine and bicarbonate); the degradation of FP was not changed except SB431542 that the decomposing rate was slower. The enzyme activity of the fermentation supernatant was compared with that of C. thermocellum LQR1. The FPase and CMCase activities of the community were two times higher than that of C. thermocellum LQR1 and beta-xylosidase of the community was much more active. The activities of xylanase, beta-glucosidase and pNPCase RANTES of C. thermocellum LQR1 were also higher (Table 1). To identify the community members, a 16S rRNA gene library of the cellulolytic consortium was constructed. Diversity levels were determined with a cutoff value of 97% sequence similarity. A total of 16 OTUs were represented

in the clone library after 50 clones were surveyed. Rarefaction analysis of the 16S rRNA clone library is shown in Fig. 2. The most abundant OTUs accounted for 42% and 18% of the clone library, and shared similarity with the type strain C. thermocellum ATCC 27405, which is known for its high cellulolytic ability due to cellulosome formation. Although the 16S rRNA gene similarities of these closes were around 87–89%, we believe that they were mainly responsible for cellulose degradation. In other studies, Clostridium straminisolvens-like sequences accounted for a large portion of cellulolytic enrichments (Izquierdo et al., 2010). In our results, one OTU accounted for only 2% of the clone library and was most similar to C. straminisolvens. However, in contrast to other cellulolytic enrichments, all sequences from the OTUs represented novel species.

In China, there is a massive rural–urban migration and the children

of migrants are often unregistered residents (a ‘floating population’). Aim.  This pilot study aimed to profile the oral health of migrant children in South China’s principal city of migration and identify its socio-demographic/behavioural determinants. Design.  An epidemiological survey was conducted in an area of Guangzhou among 5-year-old migrant children (n = 138) who received oral examinations INCB018424 price according to the World Health Organization criteria. Parents’ oral health knowledge/attitude, child practices, and impact of children’s oral health on their quality-of-life (QoL) were assessed. Results.  The caries rate and mean (SD) dmft were 86% and 5.17 (4.16), respectively, higher than those national statistics for both rural and urban areas (P < 0.05). Oral hygiene was satisfactory (DI-S < 1.0) in 3% of children. Oral health impacts on QoL were considerable; 60% reported one or more impacts. 58% variance in ‘dmft’ was explained by ‘non-local-born’, ‘low-educated parents’, ‘bedtime feeding’, ‘parental unawareness of fluoride’s effect and importance of teeth’, and ‘poor oral hygiene’ (all P < 0.05). ‘Non-local-born’ and ‘dmft’ indicated poor oral health-related QoL (both P < 0.05), accounting for 32% of variance. Conclusion.  Oral health is poor among

rural–urban migrant children and requires effective interventions in targeted sub-groups. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013; 23: 77–83 Background.  In Chile, no information is available regarding the soluble fluoride (F) content in the toothpastes commercialized for children and the country’s guidelines Ku-0059436 price recommend the use of F in toothpastes in an age-dependent concentration. No global consensus has been reached on this Dichloromethane dehalogenase subject. Aim.  To determine the soluble F concentration in dentifrices for children sold in Chile and to discuss Chilean guidelines and professional recommendations of use. Design.  Three samples of twelve different dentifrices were purchased from drugstores. Toothpastes were analysed in duplicate using an ion-specific electrode. The concentrations of total

F (TF) and total soluble F (TSF) were determined (μg F/g). Results.  Measured TF was consistent with that declared by the manufacturer in eight products. Two dentifrices showed lower TF and two higher F concentrations than declared. A toothpaste, marketed as low-F (450 ppm), showed F concentration threefold higher. Most dentifrices exhibited TSF concentrations similar to the TF content, except one sample that displayed considerably lower TSF than TF. Recommendations on F toothpastes use in children widely vary from country to country. Conclusions.  Most dentifrices for children match F content in the labelling, but recommendations are not supported by the best evidence available on the benefit/risk of F toothpastes use. “
“The distribution of fluoride and calcium in plaque after the use of fluoride dentifrices has not yet been determined.