Possible reasons include: younger GPs may be less confident at prescribing without referring to guidelines, and increasing mobile technology availability coupled with relatively high uptake of these devices by younger GPs may facilitate information seeking behaviour by using apps. Limitations arising from distributing the survey electronically predominantly included self-selection of GPs who (i) favour the use of electronic devices and

(ii) are interested in the topic. We are now developing and evaluating an antimicrobial app for GPs. 1. World Health Organization. The evolving threat of antimicrobial Trametinib research buy resistance.Options for action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. 2. Department of Health. UK Five Year Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2013 to 2018. London: Department of Health; 2013. M. Wilcocka, G. Hardingb aRoyal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, UK, bPeninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Exeter, UK Focus groups were convened to explore community pharmacists’; perception of their profession’s future.

Overarching concern Palbociclib expressed was the limitations for development by being tied to the existing dispensing role. Community pharmacy needs to be valued for the support it can offer for medicines use. There is continuing discussion around expanding the role of community pharmacists with various policy documents highlighting pharmacy’s potential.1,2 As community pharmacists will have a significant role to play in the future development of their profession, we sought their beliefs and expectations of how pharmacy would evolve over the next five years. A convenience sample of

community pharmacists across Cornwall was invited to attend one of two focus groups held in early and late 2013. A total of 13 self selected community pharmacists from a range of employment backgrounds participated. Using a topic guide, proceedings Tangeritin were audio recorded, transcribed and with contemporaneous notes formed the basis for a thematic analysis. We deemed ethics committee approval was not required because we were evaluating a service. Five major themes were identified. How pharmacists think they are perceived by others: Perceptions ranged from the negative – being considered an unskilled practitioner, perhaps reflecting pharmacy’s lack of success in promoting its services, to the view of an increasingly positive public’s perception of pharmacy. How pharmacists themselves perceived their role: Although some believed they were perceived primarily as commercial retailers rather than health professionals, their self-perception was altogether more realistic – reflecting their knowledge and skills base.

, 2009). However, tblastn returned two putative regions within plasmids pLJ42 and pLB925A03, the latter isolated from Lactobacillus brevis (Wada et al., 2009), that could code for proteins with high identity to Orf2. Because orf2 was not included in the original annotation of either of the latter plasmids, we re-annotated them using the same bioinformatics tools as with pREN. orf2 was indeed predicted in the afore-mentioned plasmids (positions 5170–5499 nt for pLB925A03 and 2415–2744 nt for pLJ42). The deduced orf2 products exhibited a high degree of conservation (Fig. 2a). It should be mentioned that a terminator sequence Nutlin-3a chemical structure within the orf2

locus (position 2515–2579 nt) was initially deposited for pLJ42; however, our analysis with findterm did not support the existence of this terminator. In fact, orf2 was located downstream of repA, followed by a terminator in both pLJ42 and pLB925A03, resulting in a conserved operon structure as shown for pREN. The four remaining orfs were all found to encode different types of mobilization proteins. The orf3 product (112 amino acids) displayed the highest identity to MobC of pLJ42 (100% query coverage, 100% identity, e-value 9e−58). Orf4 (195 amino acids) and Orf5 (208

amino acids) proteins were identified as MobA (MobA1 and MobA2, respectively), both receiving top scores for the MobA of pLB925A03 (68% query coverage, 100% identity with e-value 2e−76 and 100% query coverage, 98% PI3K signaling pathway identity with e-value 5e−114, respectively). Initial analysis clearly excluded the possibility of a gene duplication event. interproscan indicated that while MobA1 carried a significant proportion of the N-terminal pfam03432 signal of the family of relaxases, MobA2 carried the remaining distal sequence of the signal’s C-terminus. The alignment of these proteins with

the MobA of pLB925A03, carrying Alectinib datasheet a full pfam03432 signal, demonstrated that MobA1 and MobA2 were originally a single full-length peptide (Fig. 2b). Inspection of the mobA1 gene revealed that it was disrupted by a frameshift mutation at position 2339 nt, causing premature termination at position 2526 nt. Furthermore, orf6 was predicted as a mobB gene. Interestingly, in contrast to the other pREN Mob proteins, this MobB molecule was detected only in a very limited number of bacteria, all of which were LAB. Sequence comparison among the MobB proteins showed a considerable degree of conservation that was more pronounced at the C-terminus (Fig. 2c). This annotation transfer through sequence identity was based on a previous observation that the protein product of an orf in plasmid pNZ4000 of Lactococcus lactis (van Kranenburg et al., 2000) shared a moderate homology to MobB of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pC223 (Smith & Thomas, 2004).

Moreover, increased soxS levels were reported for NorE5 as was the expression of a truncated form of the SoxR protein leading to constitutive SoxS transcriptional activity (Fabrega et al., 2010). Microarrays were performed by comparing the genome expression profile between PS5 and NorE5. Results showed increased ompN expression in NorE5, among JAK cancer other SoxS-regulated genes (Table 2). Regulator of superoxide

response regulon Outer membrane pore protein N, nonspecific Multiple antibiotic resistance, transcriptional activator RT-PCR analysis was performed to measure the porin expression levels. The first experiment was carried out comparing strains PS5 and NorE5. Results corroborated the increased ompN transcription in NorE5 (Fig. 2). As the 400-bp region upstream of ompN (ompN80) in NorE5 was sequenced and found to be identical to that of PS5 (Fig. 1), these results suggested that ompN was up-regulated because of the soxS overproduction in NorE5. E. coli strains GC4468 (wild-type strain) and JTG936 (SoxS-overproducing strain) were used in a second experiment Antiinfection Compound Library concentration to establish

a more direct relationship between the increased soxS and ompN levels. Results showed again that ompN was overexpressed in JTG936 in comparison with GC4468 (Fig. 2). The hypothesized SoxS-regulation of the ompN gene was evaluated by testing strain M4454, carrying the ompN::lacZ fusion, in the absence and presence of PQ (Fig. 1). Alternatively, this transcriptional fusion was also tested for induction in the presence of SAL and DIP to evaluate the regulatory role of MarA and Rob, respectively (Table 3). No significant increase in the transcriptional activity was found

in the presence of any of these compounds. These results suggested that either the ompN increased expression is not related to SoxS, MarA or Rob, or that a different regulatory element was involved. The possibility that ompN was under the regulation of an upstream gene was then tested. A search of the E. coli K-12 genome (GenBank Accession No. NC_000913) revealed that ydbK is upstream of ompN and, surprisingly, the small antisense RNA micC is located between these two genes although in the opposite orientation. Therefore, the study was focused on the ydbK gene, which predicted function was initially described as Lck a putative pyruvate: ferrodoxin/flavodoxin-oxidoreductase (Serres et al., 2001), being later corroborated with experimental data (Eremina et al., 2010). The microarray results of this study showed a significantly increased expression of the ydbK gene in NorE5 (Table 2). In agreement, Pomposiello et al. (2001) reported in their microarray study an up-regulation of the locus b1378 (an alternate name for ydbK) in the presence of PQ. To test the hypothesis of ydbK-ompN coexpression, primers were designed to amplify a fragment containing the 3′ region of the ydbK gene and the 5′ region of the ompN gene (ykon fragment, ydbK-ompN; Fig. 1).

Five women stayed in an area with a potential risk of altitude sickness, for an average of 9.3 days. None received acetazolamide for prevention of altitude sickness and none developed symptoms. One woman developed fever within the first month after returning home. An abnormal finding during prenatal follow-up was found in eight women. In three women, an echogenic focus (golf-ball) was observed in the fetal heart at anatomical scan, in three

woman fetal intrauterine growth restriction was suspected, in one oligohydramnios was observed on ultrasound, in one an abnormal second-trimester biochemical screen was obtained, and in one an ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed. Metformin supplier Pregnancy was complicated by premature labor in two cases and gestational diabetes mellitus in one case. None of the subjects receiving prophylactic antimalarials had a miscarriage. The course and outcome of all pregnancies are summarized in Table 3. Among the 41 newborns, 2 had neonatal jaundice, 2 had a cardiac murmur, 1 was premature, and 1 had ventricular septal defect diagnosed by echocardiography. In another case, muscular dystrophy was diagnosed at 4 months. However, in all these cases, travel was learn more uneventful for the mother, no infectious diseases were reported, and no contraindicated vaccines were administered.

About 50 million people travel to developing countries and tropical destinations annually, 20% to 70% of whom report some kind of a health problem,[7] mainly diarrhea, respiratory problems, PTK6 and injuries. Traveling to a tropical destination during pregnancy might pose unique threats to the pregnant patient or her fetus. Hazards of infectious

diseases, for example, might be augmented in the face of an altered immune response and the presence of a susceptible fetus. Additionally, diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis which are common among travelers are well-known risk factors for premature labor. Most reports of travel to the tropics during pregnancy are anecdotal, and therefore cannot provide evidence-based recommendations. The optimal timing for travel in terms of gestational age is not clear. The first and third trimesters might carry a higher risk for obstetrical emergencies, as most spontaneous abortions occur in the first trimester, whereas preterm labor, preeclampsia, and antepartum hemorrhage occur mostly in the third trimester. In this study, only one subject was in the third trimester during travel. It is possible that with advanced pregnancy and the presence of a viable fetus, women are more apprehensive about leaving their home to go to a developing country for a prolonged period of time, thus explaining the low occurrence of late gestations at departure among travelers. In addition, travel for leisure, which was the case in most subjects, may be perceived by the pregnant woman as a non-essential thing to do during advanced pregnancy, that can be deferred until more appropriate times.

[72] Chronic infection is characterized by a prolonged asymptomatic phase. The development of hepatic Gefitinib purchase fibrosis may lead to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease (eg, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and esophageal varices), and HCC. The risk of contracting HCV in travelers is thought to be low but there is a paucity of data regarding

travel-associated HCV acquisition. However, in a retrospective cohort study of 361 Australian travelers to Asia, we have provided the first estimate of the incidence of HCV infection in travelers: two travelers were found to have evidence of acute seroconversion, representing an incidence density of 1.8 infections per 10,000 travel days (95% CI: 0.22–6.53).[33] Parenteral exposure accounts for the majority of HCV infections in highly endemic countries. Travelers often undertake activities that place them at risk of acquiring HCV infection,[24, 36] including IDU or tattooing. The magnitude of the risk will depend on the prevalence of HCV in the destination country. The prevalence of HCV antibodies in a study of 515 Danish merchant

seamen who traveled was found to be 1.2% (6 of 515). In this study, five of the seamen had tattoos and one had undergone an operation abroad.[73] In contrast, in a study of 328 American missionaries with prolonged stays in tropical and subtropical countries, the incidence of HCV was low (0.6%).[28] IDU travelers appear to have higher rates of needle sharing than nontravelers.[74, 75] In a recent study within the United States, IDU travelers compared with nontravelers were more likely to be HCV positive. Travel was associated with greater sharing of AZD9291 ic50 needles, syringes, and drug preparation equipment as well as pooling money

to buy drugs, heavy alcohol consumption, polysubstance use, and more sexual and injecting partners.[76] A number of Thiamine-diphosphate kinase case reports highlight the potential for HCV acquisition in travelers when medical care is accessed overseas. Acute HCV infection has been reported in travelers who received emergency medical care in India and Pakistan,[77, 78] and a prospective surveillance study of 131 patients traveling outside the UK identified 4 cases of HCV infection in patients who received hemodialysis in either Pakistan, Slovakia, Singapore, or Bangladesh.[79] Separate studies identified patients from hemodialysis units in the UK and Canada who acquired HCV infection from hemodialysis in Asia and India.[80, 81] Currently, there is no vaccine available for HCV infection and immune globulin does not provide protection. Prospective travelers need to be advised about the modes of transmission and avoidance of activities associated with parenteral exposure to contaminated blood. Travelers who acquire HBV or HCV infections are at risk of significant morbidity and mortality and are a potential source of infection to the wider community upon return from abroad.

The decision to initiate treatment for either HIV or viral hepatitis infections should ordinarily be made with agreement of the patient’s HIV and viral hepatitis physicians. In patients with cirrhosis (Child–Pugh grade B/C) certain ART should be used with caution and careful monitoring Metformin manufacturer (including TDM) will be required by physicians experienced in the management of HIV and viral hepatitis coinfection. For further information on use of ART in patients with cirrhosis please refer to the BHIVA guidelines for the management of coinfection with HIV-1 and hepatitis B or C virus [1]. CD4 cell count

(cells/μL) HBV requiring treatmenta HBV not requiring treatment HCV with immediate plan to start HCV treatmenta HCV with no immediate plan to start HCV treatment a See BHIVA guidelines for the management of coinfection with HIV-1 and hepatitis B or C virus [1] for indications to treat hepatitis B and C. 350–500 cells/μL: Start ART after HCV treatment commenced (1C) <350 cells/μL: Start ART before HCV treatment (1B) Discuss

with HIV and viral hepatitis specialist We recommend patients with HIV and HBV coinfection who have a CD4 cell count between 350 and 500 cells/μL start ART (1C). We suggest patients with HIV and HBV coinfection who have a CD4 cell count >500 cells/μL and who require treatment for their hepatitis B start ART (2C). Proportion of patients with HIV and HBV coinfection with PI3K targets CD4 cell counts <500 cells/μL on ART. Because of the negative effect of immune depletion on HBV disease progression, the availability of single drugs with high-level dual hepatitis B and HIV antiviral activity, and the increased risk of liver-related deaths in patients with CD4 cell counts below

500 cells/μL, co-infected patients with CD4 cell counts between 350 and 500 cells/μL should start ART and be treated with drugs active at suppressing both viruses [2]. Consideration can be given to some patients with CD4 cell counts between 350 and 500 cells/μL and HBV DNA of <2000 IU/L and no evidence of liver PTK6 inflammation or fibrosis to close monitoring of their HIV and hepatitis B infections as an acceptable alternative strategy. Individuals with a CD4 cell count >500 cells/μL who do not require hepatitis B therapy, should be monitored for HIV and hepatitis B disease progression and the need of therapy for either virus infection. Among individuals with a CD4 cell count >500 cells/μL who require treatment for hepatitis B infection there is the option to start ART with drugs active at suppressing both viruses. For indications to start treatment for hepatitis B infection, please refer to BHIVA guidelines on management of coinfection with HIV and hepatitis B or C virus [1]. We recommend patients with HIV and HBV coinfection who start ART include TDF and FTC as part of their ART regimen, if there are no contraindications for either drug (1A).

aeruginosa PAO1. The activity of studied compounds was dependent on hydrocarbon chain length. “
“Histone acetyl transferases (HATs) are important histone modifiers that affect critical cellular processes like transcription, DNA replication and repairs through highly dynamic chromatin remodelling. Our earlier studies recognized LdHAT1 as a substrate of the S-phase cell cycle kinase LdCyc1-CRK3 from Leishmania donovani. Here, we confirm through site-directed mutagenesis that RXL-like cyclin-binding (Cy) motif dependent interaction of LdHAT1 with LdCyc1 is essential

for its phosphorylation at a canonical Cdk target site by the kinase complex. LdHAT1 acetylates K10 residue of a peptide derived Romidepsin in vivo from L. donovani histone H4 N-terminal tail. Interestingly, phosphorylation of LdHAT1 by the S-phase kinase inhibits its H4K10 acetylation activity, implicating an important mechanism of periodic regulation of histone Sorafenib price acetylation during cell cycle progression. Chromatin remodelling through various post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitinylation of protruding histone tails of nucleosomal octamer controls access of the factors affecting transcription, replication and DNA repair (Ehrenhofer-Murray, 2004; Osley, 2004; Peterson & Laniel, 2004; An, 2007). The modifications

also provide recognition sites for the plethora of protein factors facilitating DNA repair and regulated flow of genetic information. By and large, histone acetylation on lysine residues is important to disrupt the tight packing of chromatins essential for the initiation of processes like transcription. Expectedly, higher proportions of the acetylated histones are associated with promoter region of active genes compared to coding regions and silent portions of genomes. Moreover, several recent studies demonstrate Thymidylate synthase the role of histone modifications in regulation of initiation of DNA replication. Studies

in Drosophila (Aggarwal & Calvi, 2004) and Xenopus (Danis et al., 2004) have established the positive regulation of replication through histone acetylation. Direct involvement of the MYST family histone acetylase HBO1 in regulation of replication licensing through the formation of pre-replication complex has been shown (Miotto & Struhl, 2008). The preference of open chromatin structures with enriched histone H3 methylation and acetylation at metazoan origin has also been established recently (Rampakakis et al., 2009; Karnani et al., 2010). On the contrary, histone deacetylase Sir2 has been shown to interfere with pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) assembly in budding yeast regulating replication in a negative manner (Fox & Weinreich, 2008).

, 2009). Despite the weak selleck sequence similarity, Bsp22 is defined as a distinct subfamily of EspA in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Both Bsp22 and EspA self-polymerize to form

a variable length, flexible filamentous structure, referred to as a sheath-like structure (Sekiya et al., 2001; Medhekar et al., 2009). Thus Bsp22 is structurally and functionally related to EspA. The BB1618 does not show any sequence similarity to other type III chaperones, including CesA, a specific chaperone for EspA (Creasey et al., 2003). However, structure prediction using the Phyre program (http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/~phyre/) revealed that the predicted structure of BB1618 exhibits partial homology to the conformational structure of CesA (Yip et al.,

2005). These findings suggest that BB1618 in Bordetella is functionally similar to the type III chaperone CesA in EPEC. BtcA has been identified as a putative chaperone for the BteA effector by genome-wide screening and confirmed to have the ability to bind with BteA (Panina et al., 2005). However, the secretion and the intracellular stability of BteA were not affected by deletion of BtcA (Panina et al., 2005). Here, we showed that the deletion of BB1618 drastically influences the secretion and the intracellular stability of Bsp22, although phenotypes of other type III secreted proteins were not affected by the BB1618 mutation. Co-immunoprecipitation assay showed click here that BB1618 specifically binds to Bsp22, but not to BopB

and BopD (Fig. 5). Thus, BB1618 fulfills the characteristic features of a chaperone for a type III effector. Interestingly, we found that the abundance of BopB, BopD, and BopN into culture supernatants was increased following complementation of BB1618 mutant (Fig. 1b). Therefore, the degree of hemolysis and host cell cytotoxicity of the complemented strain was somewhat increased as compared with that of B. bronchiseptica wild-type strain. Although precise mechanisms of BB1618 under overexpression conditions by the plasmid in trans has not been fully elucidated, an excess amount of BB1618 might lose the binding specificity to the cognate effector, resulting in increased stability of other type III secreted proteins. This report reveals for the first time that BB1618, a novel type III chaperone, is required for maintenance Decitabine of Bsp22. Therefore, we propose that BB1618 be renamed Btc22 for the Bordetella type III chaperone for Bsp22. The authors thank Junko Fukunaga for construction of the Bsp22 mutant and the Bsp22 expression vector, and preparation of the anti-Bsp22 antibodies. This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan through Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B, 21390133; C, 23790484), for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (21022045) and for the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellows (23-7356). J.K.

We investigated possible differences between these action potentials fired by mouse taste receptor cells using in situ whole-cell recordings, and subsequently we identified their cell types immunologically with cell-type markers, an IP3 receptor (IP3R3) for type II cells and a SNARE protein (SNAP-25) for type III cells. Cells not immunoreactive to these antibodies were examined as non-IRCs. Here, we show KU-57788 datasheet that type II cells and type III cells fire action potentials using different ionic mechanisms, and that non-IRCs also fire action potentials with either of the ionic mechanisms. The width

of action potentials was significantly narrower and their afterhyperpolarization was deeper in type III cells than in type II cells. Na+ current density was similar in type II cells and type III cells, but it was significantly smaller in non-IRCs than in the others. Although outwardly rectifying current density was similar between type II cells and type III cells, tetraethylammonium (TEA) preferentially suppressed the density Bcl-2 inhibitor in type III cells and the majority of non-IRCs. Our mathematical model revealed that the shape of action potentials depended on the ratio of TEA-sensitive current density and TEA-insensitive current one. The action potentials of type II cells and type III cells under physiological conditions are discussed. “
“Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

compacta (SNC), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and retrorubral field (RRF) play a role in reward, motivation, learning, memory, and movement. These neurons are intermingled with GABAergic neurons. Recent evidence shows that the VTA contains glutamatergic neurons expressing vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGluT2); some of them co-express tyrosine hydroxylase over (TH). Here, we used a combination of radioactive in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry to explore whether any of the vesicular glutamate transporters [vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 (VGluT1), VGluT2, or vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGluT3)] were encoded by neurons in the SNC or RRF. We

found expression of VGluT2 mRNA, but not of VGluT1 or VGluT3, in the SNC and RRF. These VGluT2 neurons rarely showed TH immunoreactivity. Within the SNC, the VGluT2 neurons were infrequently found at the rostral level, but were often seen at the medial and caudal levels intercalated in the mediolateral portion of the dorsal tier, at a ratio of one VGluT2 neuron per 4.4 TH neurons. At this level, VGluT2 neurons were also found in the adjacent substantia nigra reticulata and substantia nigra pars lateralis. Within the RRF, the VGluT2 neurons showed an increasing rostrocaudal gradient of distribution. The RRF proportion of VGluT2 neurons in relation to TH neurons was constant throughout the rostrocaudal levels, showing an average ratio of one VGluT2 neuron per 1.7 TH neurons.

7%), while the dinucleotide repeats represented < 3% (Table 2). Tetranucleotide repeats constituted the second most frequent

motif (16.7%) followed by hexanucleotide (13.11%) and pentanucleotide (4.91) repeat motifs in sequences of all three formae speciales. However, the percentage of di and pentanucleotide repeat was higher in Fom. This agrees with the results from other eukaryotes, where trinucleotide repeats are overrepresented in coding region (Garnica et al., 2006). Out of 30, a total of 14 SSR markers (six from Fom, three from Foc, and five from Fol) amplified easily scorable bands ranged from 70 to 400 bp in all the isolates. Of the 14 markers, three amplified dinucleotide repeats, ten amplified trinucleotide repeats, and only one marker were able to amplify tetranucleotide

click here repeat. We used three indexes (percentage of polymorphic SSRs, number of alleles per locus and PIC value) to indicate SSR polymorphism level. Among all the markers, nine see more markers (64.3%) were polymorphic, whereas rest five markers (35.7%) were monomorphic. A total of 28 alleles were amplified by 14 markers. We detected 1–4 alleles per microsatellite locus with an average of two alleles per marker. FomSSR primers amplified 10 alleles with 1.8 allele per locus, whereas FocSSR primers detected 4.0 alleles with 1.3 alleles per locus and FolSSR primers detected 14 alleles with 2.8 alleles per locus. Maximum numbers of alleles (4) were amplified by FolSSR-7, while minimum one allele was amplified with five markers viz. FomSSR-3, FomSSR-5, FomSSR-9, FocSSR-5, and FocSSR-6. Three

markers namely FomSSR-8, FolSSR-3, and FolSSR-6 amplified three alleles, while five markers namely FomSSR-2, FomSSR-6, FocSSR-3, FolSSR-2, and FolSSR-10 amplified two alleles (Table 3). Of nine polymorphic markers, eight showed 100% polymorphism and one showed 66% (FolSSR-6). On comparison of polymorphism potential of markers derived from each forma specialis, of six SSR markers from Fom and three SSR markers from Foc, only three (50%) and one (65%) markers were found polymorphic, respectively (Table 4). FolSSR markers exhibited highest percentage of polymorphism (100%), all the five markers were found polymorphic. Among the polymorphic markers, the maximum PIC value was obtained with FocSSR-5 (0.899) and minimum with FolSSR-6 (0.023), the average being 0.517. The similarity coefficient Rutecarpine values between isolates ranged from 0.14 to 0.96 with a mean of 0.61 for all 276 isolate combinations used in the present study. For microsatellite markers derived from Fom, the similarity coefficient values between isolates ranged from 0.22 to 1.00 with average genetic diversity of 33.1%. Similarly, with Foc-derived SSR markers, the similarity coefficients between isolates ranged from 0.4 to 1.00 with 34.5% genetic diversity. For Fol markers, similarity coefficient value ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 with an average diversity being 42.7% (Table 4). The highest similarity coefficient (0.