The protein concentration was estimated colorimetrically using BCA Protein assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL); 50 μg proteins from each sample was separated in 12% (w/v) denaturing SDS polyacrylamide gel; the gel

was dried and autoradiographed. For immunoblot assays, total proteins from Ant5-2 cultures incubated at −1, 4, 15, 22 and 37 °C and cultures exposed to different doses of UVC (290–100 nm) were extracted, transferred and immunoblotted with CapB antibody from Pseudomonas sp. 30/3 in duplicate as described previously (Panicker et al., 2010). The membranes were scanned and the relative amount of CspD expressed in Ant5-2 was analyzed with imagej 1.40 software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/index.html). Quizartinib order The cold shock gene was PCR amplified using primers designed from Csp of Janthinobacterium lividum (accession no. DQ074977), F-cspD-Ant5-2 (5′-dTTAGATTGGCTGAATGTTCGAAGCTTGC-3′) forward and R-cspD-Ant5-2

(5′-dATGGCAACTGGCATCGTAAAATGG-3′) reverse primers. The PCR amplification of the homologs of E. coli cspA on Ant5-2 genomic DNA was also attempted using a set of universal degenerate primers for Enterobacteriaceae CSPU5 (5′-dCCCGAATTCGGTAHAGTAAAATGGTTYAACKC-3′) and CSPU3 (5′-dCCCGAATCCGGTTACGTTASCWGCTKSHGGDCC-3′) (Francis & check details Stewart, 1997). The cycling parameters, cloning and sequencing method used was as described previously (Panicker et al., 2010). The deduced amino acid sequence of CspD from Ant5-2 was aligned with homologous sequences obtained from blast p and with protein sequences in NCBI database using clustal x (http://www.clustal.org/) and the phylogenetic trees were generated by neighbor

joining method and mega version 4.0 (http://www.megasoftware.net/) software (Tamura et al., 2007). Ant5-2 culture was grown in 1 : 10 (v/v) not TSB growth medium at 22 °C until OD450 nm=0.3; then aliquots of 50 mL were exposed to 4, 15 and 22 °C, respectively, for 1 h. The fixation, permeabilization and staining of cells with rabbit anti-CapB antiserum (1 : 1500 dilutions in bovine serum albumin–phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), followed by HiLyte Fluor 488-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (AnaSpec, San Jose, CA) along with 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was performed as described previously (Panicker et al., 2010). Slides were mounted in PBS-glycerol (pH 7.2) solution and observed under a Leica™ fluorescence microscope (Bannockburn, IL). cspD was PCR amplified using forward F-BamH1-CspD-Ant5-2 (5′-dGCCAGGATCCATGGCAACTGGCATC-3′) and reverse R-XhoI-CspD-Ant5-2 (5′-dGCCACTCGAGTTAGATTGGCTGAATG-3′) primers from Ant 5-2 cells and cloned into pET45b(+) plasmid (Novagen, WI). The CspD from Ant5-2 protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) by inducing with 1 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside for 6 h and then purified using the His.Tag kit (Novagen). DNA-binding assay was performed by incubating purified CspD of Ant5-2 with 0.

The cell suspensions exhibited a time lag of several minutes before the fluorescence increases. Similarly, we described a lag in potassium efflux from Vero cells and GH4 cells using the same strain of B. cereus (NVH 75/95, Haug et al., 2010). Both the wild-type toxigenic NVH 75/95 culture supernatant and the NheC-deficient MHI 1672 strain with supplemented NheC yielded similar shaped responses. We interpret this delay to be

that necessary for the toxin to GDC-0449 chemical structure bind to the cells, oligomerize and form transmembrane pores. Propidium uptake in Vero cells was abolished when the Nhe was pre-exposed to DDM micelles. The addition of the mixture of culture supernatant and DDM to the cell suspension will dilute the DDM concentration such that AC220 in vitro the micelles will disperse. Yet, because the toxin remains inactive, the Nhe component(s) binding of DDM micelles is a functionally irreversible process. This is consistent with the mechanism of pore formation by ClyA in which large conformational changes of the protein occur. ANS binding of the purified Nhe components indicates that NheB

exhibits the greatest changes in ANS fluorescence after exposure to DDM. Whilst the exact mechanisms underlying ANS binding to proteins remain undefined, changes in fluorescence have been widely used as a marker for conformational changes where exposure of hydrophobic regions of proteins favour increased binding and fluorescence. NheB was found to exhibit characteristic changes observed with another pore-forming toxin, namely increased fluorescence

intensity along with a ‘‘blue shift’’ in wavelength maximum (e.g. Sangha et al., 1999). We were unable to detect any evidence of ANS binding to NheA and the lack of increased fluorescence intensity with NheC suggested that DDM was exerting its effect predominantly through interaction with NheB. Whilst unhelpful as a measure of conformational change, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of NheB indicates that the three tryptophan residues Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK are buried within the protein both before and after exposure to DDM. This is compatible with their position within the alpha helical bundle similar to ClyA where the fluorescence wavelength maximum does not change on exposure to DDM (Hunt et al., 2008). SEC experiments are consistent with DDM inducing oligomerization of NheB. The reason for the presence of two peaks at the elution time for monomeric NheB is not known. NheB was prepared from culture supernatants as it has proven difficult to express the protein recombinantly. Nevertheless, NheB yields a single band at 39 kDa after silver staining and immunoblotting. It is possible that the peak is an inactive breakdown product of NheB that lacks the epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody.

, 1993; Dyson et al., 1999). In this regard, epidemiological studies have shown the presence of oral streptococcal species including S. sanguinis in clinical specimens of heart valve and atheromatous plaque (Chiu, 1999; Nakano et al., 2006; Koren et al., 2011). One of the earliest events in atherogenesis is foam cell formation of blood macrophages induced by the uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (Erridge, 2008). In addition, cell death of macrophages

is also considered learn more to be associated with atherosclerosis, because dead macrophages are found in atheromatous plaque (Tabas, 2010). Macrophages and monocytes present in the bloodstream are major contributors to host immune responses against bacterial infections. It is known that periodontal disease-related oral pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis are involved in atherosclerosis (Hajishengallis et al., 2002; Gibson et al., 2005). In vitro studies have also shown that P. gingivalis elicits foam cell formation of macrophages (Qi et al., 2003; Giacona et al., 2004). Although S. sanguinis is known to induce infectious endocarditis, its possible contribution

to atherosclerosis has not been Alectinib studied. In the present study, we investigated whether S. sanguinis infection induces foam cell formation and cell death of human macrophages. Streptococcus sanguinis strain SK36 (Kilian et al., 1989) was provided by Dr M. Kilian (Aarhus University, Denmark), and cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) supplemented with 0.2% yeast extract (Becton Dickinson). Heat-inactivated S. sanguinis SK36 was prepared by heating the bacterial suspension in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) at 60 °C for 30 min (Okahashi et al., 2003). In some experiments, a cariogenic bacterial strain, Org 27569 Streptococcus mutans UA159, was used as a negative control. Human monocyte cell

line THP-1 cells were purchased from RIKEN Bioresorce Center (Tsukuba, Japan) and cultured in RPMI1640 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Invitrogen) (5% FBS RPMI1640), penicillin (100 U mL−1), and streptomycin (100 μg mL−1). Differentiated THP-1 macrophages were prepared by treating THP-1 cells with 100 nM phorbol myristate acetate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 2 days. For infection, differentiated THP-1 cells (5 × 104 cells in 100 μL of 5% FBS RPMI1640 without antibiotics) in 96-well culture plates (Asahi Glass, Tokyo, Japan) were infected with viable S. sanguinis SK36 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10, 20, or 50 for 2 h. The cells were washed with PBS to remove extracellular nonadherent bacteria, and cultured for 2 days in the presence of human LDL (100 μg mL−1; Sigma Aldrich) and antibiotics. The cells were also stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli O127 (Sigma Aldrich) or heat-inactivated S. sanguinis SK36 whole cells for 2 days.

We question the widespread supply through pharmacies of ineffective products with extravagant claims and suggest that tighter regulation of their promotion and supply may be required. “
“Objectives  The pilot project, described in this paper, targeted English as an additional language (EAL) students to facilitate their development of patient counselling communication skills.

Methods  An interdisciplinary content-based model was developed drawing on an interactional sociolinguistic framework to map language use valued in pharmacy counselling. Evaluation included analysis of Navitoclax mouse successive self-assessments and surveys of students, surveys of teaching staff and final test results. Key findings  Evaluation indicated that the interdisciplinary model was highly successful in improving EAL students’ competency in pharmacy counselling. Conclusions  Talazoparib nmr The model may have possible wider application for education in health professional programmes. “
“Objectives  Maintaining a well-stocked dispensary at a private non-profit clinic in a developing country can often be challenging due to limited financial and human resources. Organizations face frequent drug shortages, excesses of unnecessary medications and potentially inappropriate international donations. To promote adherence to international recommendations and enable targeted requests for international

drug donations, this paper describes a process using a public-health approach to create a site-specific pharmacy formulary in a resource-poor setting using the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines (‘Model List’). Methods  The study site was a Malawian-run non-profit Adenosine triphosphate private clinic serving over 3000 people annually. The organization focuses on providing community

support for orphans from the HIV/AIDS crisis in sub-Saharan Africa. While using the Model List as a backbone, we incorporated the clinic’s drug inventory, patient needs, clinician prescribing patterns, and the country’s national drug list into the final formulary. After analyzing site-specific factors, we determined which WHO Model List therapeutic classes were necessary for the clinic to address in the final formulary. Key findings  Of the drug products currently available in the inventory, 65.6% were expired, 29.8% of which were international donations. After removing expired medications from the inventory, seven Model List priority categories remained unaddressed by the clinic’s initial inventory. Based on the results of a structured needs assessment, 54 products were selected for the final simplified formulary. Conclusions  Conscious selection of pharmaceuticals, resulting in a systematic formulary for drug distribution management, is critical so that a clinic can focus on procuring and prescribing the most needed medications.

In contrast, activity in basolateral amygdala regions correlated negatively with associability at the time of cue presentation. Thus, whereas the corticomedial amygdala and the midbrain reflected immediate surprise, the basolateral amygdala represented predictiveness and displayed increased

responses when outcome predictions Epacadostat became more reliable. These results extend previous findings on PH-like mechanisms in the amygdala and provide unique insights into human amygdala circuits during associative learning. Prediction errors (PEs; the differences between expected and received outcomes) serve different functions across formal learning models. Rescorla–Wagner (RW) models are often referred to as unconditioned stimulus (US) processing models, because associative change directly depends on changes of signed PEs (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). Attentional learning models, in contrast (Mackintosh, 1975; Pearce & Hall, 1980), are known as conditioned stimulus (CS) processing models as error signals

within these models only indirectly affect learning by modulating the attention to the CS. In these models, the unsigned PE (its absolute value) serves as a measure of how surprising an outcome occurs and determines the effectiveness of a cue to be associated with a certain outcome (a property known as associability). More recent accounts have suggested hybrid learning models based on the this website idea of combining former CS and US processing models (Le Pelley, 2004). Here, PEs drive learning as in the RW model, but learning rates are changed dynamically by the cue’s associability. At the neural level, a recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study (Li et al., 2011) has suggested that amygdala responses during aversive learning might eltoprazine be best described by computational signals derived from such hybrid models. Additionally, studies in rodents and monkeys have reported unsigned Pearce–Hall (PH)-like PEs and similar surprise signals in the amygdala and dopaminergic midbrain (Matsumoto & Hikosaka, 2009; Calu et al., 2010; Roesch et al., 2010). However, previous studies

investigating PH-like learning signals in humans are rare and did not disentangle signals in the amygdala related to CS and US processing. Here, we employed an aversive Pavlovian reversal-learning task in a paradigm that allowed for separate assessment of CS and US responses, and combined this approach with high-resolution fMRI to investigate the contribution of amygdala subregions. In a first step, we tested whether an RW/PH hybrid learning model provides a more accurate explanation of behaviour than a simple RW model. In a second step, learning signals derived from the hybrid model were correlated with neuronal activity to identify a representation of the unsigned PE at the time of outcome and a representation of associability at the time of cue presentation.

, 2001a). Furthermore, it was formerly shown that a two- to fourfold increase in spinosad yield was attained through duplication

of the rhamnose biosynthetic genes gtt and gdh simultaneously, which implied that an extra copy of the genes involved in the conversion of the cyclized polyketide to spinosyn could enhance the spinosyn yield (Madduri et al., 2001b). Thus, we hypothesized that the overexpression of the genes for cross-bridging of the polyketide, for deoxysugar biosynthesis, attachment, and methylation could increase the flux through the pathway and accelerate the conversion of cyclized polyketide to spinosyns. The quicken EPZ5676 cell line conversion could lead Trichostatin A purchase to a faster deprivation of the cyclized polyketide and thus might stimulate the strain to synthesize more cyclized polyketide for conversion into fully glycosylated spinosyns. Interestingly, the introduction of the cosmid pRHB9A6 containing all the genes on the spinosyn gene cluster but not the PKS genes in S. spinosa A83543.3 accelerated the conversion of the PSAs, but did not enhance the spinosyn production (Madduri et al., 2001a). This may be due to the different genetic background between the two parental strains, or the negative effect of ORF-L15 and ORF-L16. The culture conditions

could also be a cause. In a more recently published report (Pan et al., 2011), the gtt and gdh genes were further overexpressed by PermE* promoter in S. spinosa SIPI-A2090, leading to a 3.81-fold

increase in spinosad production. In our study, check details a 3.88-fold increase was achieved merely by duplicating the 14 genes involved in the conversion of the cyclized polyketide to spinosyns, which indicated that an overall rise in the expression level of the spinosyn biosynthetic genes could be more effective in enhancing the spinosyn production, and our exconjugants have the potential for further improvements in production. As the Red/ET recombination is more convenient in genetic manipulating, and the integration frequency augments with the length of the homologous sequence, our strategy may be simpler and possess higher frequencies. The corresponding antibiotic might be indispensable during the fermentation of genetically engineered high-producing strains which contain a self-replicating plasmid or cosmid. In this work, the pUCAmT-spn was integrated into the chromosome by single-crossover homologous recombination, and the insertion of cloned DNA into the chromosome did not cause observable instability or loss of product yield in most cases, which provided an alternative to obtain a stable engineered strain. In conclusion, the Red/ET approach was applied to clone part of the spinosyn biosynthetic gene cluster from the genomic DNA of S. spinosa, allowing the generation of a stable spinosyn overproducer.

2g). To conclude, it is apparent that GFP-MinDEc is able, at least partially, to substitute the role of MinDBs during B. subtilis cell division. As a positive control, we inspected ΔminDBs strain expressing GFP-MinDBs (IB1059) in a similar way as described above for GFP-MinDEc. Without addition of xylose, GFP-MinDBs was able to improve the phenotype of ΔminDBs cells (Fig. 2h) and the average cell length decreased to 3.3 μm. In addition to cell morphology, the localization

of GFP-MinDEc in a wild-type background (IB1103), in ΔminDBs (IB1104) and in ΔminDΔdivIVA (IB1105) cells was examined by fluorescent microscopy. We noticed a high level of background fluorescence in the cytosol, indicating a possible GFP-MinDEc fusion proteolysis. This was confirmed using Western blot analysis (Fig. 3a). Ruxolitinib solubility dmso The background fluorescence signal was not prevented when the cells were grown at a lower temperature (28 °C) (data not shown). A strain with YFP-MinDEc fusion, expressed from Phyperspank promoter, was prepared to

improve the localization images. This gene fusion was introduced into the amyE locus of MO1099, creating the strain IB1110; into IB1056 (minDBs::cat) and IB1109 (minDBs::cat divIVA::tet) generating IB1111 and IB1112 strains, respectively. The resolution was clearly improved and the fluorescence background level was decreased, indicating that the YFP-MinDEc fusion protein was more stable than GFP-MinDEc, as confirmed by Western blot analysis (Fig. 3b). Moreover, the expression from this promoter seems to be controlled check details more tightly than from Pxyl promoter because no signal was visible in the absence of IPTG when examined by Western blot analysis (Fig. 3a and b). Under the lowest expression level tested (0.1 mM IPTG) the average cell length of the strain IB1111 (minD::cat, amy::Phyperspank-yfp-minDEc) decreased to 3.2 μm. This is a better complementation result than observed for strain IB1104 (minD::cat, amy::Pxyl-gfp-minDEc). In all three strains (IB1110, IB1111 and IB1112) the observed YFP-MinDEc signal suggested the existence

of helices winding along the cell length. However, in some cells the signal was present as dots at the membrane, or at cell poles and potential division sites (Fig. 4a). The strains were also examined for the potential dynamic behaviour of the YFP-MinDEc using time-lapse Methisazone microscopy. The images were taken every 10 s for 2 min. It was not possible to observe the oscillatory movement of either GFP-MinDEc or YFP-MinDEc. To find out whether YFP-MinDEc can recognize the same membrane system as GFP-MinDBs in B. subtilis, the cells were stained with FM 4-64, which preferentially stains negatively charged phospholipids (Barák et al., 2008). In the overlay picture the green (representing YFP-MinDEc) and red (representing FM 4-64) fluorescence signals, which are in close proximity, become yellow (Fig. 4b). Most of the YFP-MinDEc signals clearly colocalize with FM 4-64 fluorescence.

Furthermore, deletion of prb1 results in the accumulation of autophagic bodies in the fungus. Taken together, our results showed that prb1-encoded protease functions in the regulation of virulence, phenotypical traits, and autophagy in C. parasitica. “
“Acinetobacter baumanii, which may PS-341 mw be found in water, is an important emerging hospital-acquired pathogen. Free-living amoebae can be recovered from the same water networks, and it has been shown that these protozoa may support

the growth of other bacteria. In this paper, we have studied potential relationships between A. baumanii and Acanthamoeba species. Two strains of A. baumanii isolated from hospital water were co-cultivated with the trophozoites or supernatants of two free-living amoebae strains: Acanthamoeba castellanii or Acanthamoeba culbertsoni. Firstly, the presence of the amoebae or their supernatants induced a major increase in A. baumanii growth,

compared with controls. Secondly, A. baumanii affected only the viability of A. culbertsonii, with no effect on A. castellanii. Electron microscopy observations of the cultures investigating the bacterial location in the protozoa showed persistence of the bacteria within cyst wall even after 60 days of incubation. In our study, the survival and growth of A. baumanii could be favored by Acanthamoeba strains. Special attention should consequently be paid to the presence Rebamipide of free-living amoebae in hospital water systems, which can promote A. baumanii persistence. Acinetobacter baumanii, a bacterium AZD6738 found in soil and water sources, is an important nosocomial pathogen, especially affecting critically ill patients (Simor et al., 2002).

This organism, responsible for 2–10% of all gram-negative bacterial infections in intensive care units (ICU) (Richet & Fournier, 2006; Caricato et al., 2009), is recognized as an important hospital-acquired pathogen. Numerous outbreaks have been reported, due to cross-transmission from one infected patient (Simor et al., 2002; Villegas & Hartstein, 2003; Herruzo et al., 2004; Maragakis et al., 2004; Richet & Fournier, 2006; Maragakis & Perl, 2008; Markogiannakis et al., 2008). This bacterium can lead to a wide range of local and systemic infections, including bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infection and wound infection. An increase of the proportion of ICU-acquired pneumoniae, urinary tract and skin/soft tissue infections due to A. baumanii has been reported (Gaynes & Edwards, 2005). Moreover, multidrug resistance has drastically increased in this bacterium within a few decades (Richet & Fournier, 2006; Markogiannakis et al., 2008). Members of the genus Acinetobacter are ubiquitous microorganisms and A.

None of these oscillations persisted under LL conditions.

We suggest that the lack of DA rhythmicity in the striatum under LL – probably regulated by Per2 – could be responsible for impaired performance in the timing task. Our findings add further support to the notion that circadian and interval timing share some common processes, interacting at the level of the dopaminergic system. “
“The repetition of an object stimulus results in faster and better recognition of this object (repetition priming). This phenomenon is neuronally associated with a reduced firing rate of neurons (repetition suppression). It has been interpreted as a sharpening mechanism within the cell assembly representing the object. In the case of an unfamiliar stimulus for which no object representation exists, the repetition of the stimulus results in an increase in the firing rate (repetition enhancement).It Olaparib in vivo has been hypothesized

that this increase reflects the formation of a cortical object representation. We aimed to investigate cortical object representations as well as repetition suppression and enhancement by means of the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) in the healthy human brain. To that end, we used a repetition paradigm with familiar and unfamiliar objects, each presented with 12-Hz flicker, producing an oscillatory HIF-1 activation brain response at the same frequency (i.e. an SSVEP). Results showed significantly smaller SSVEP amplitudes for repeated familiar objects compared to their first presentation (repetition suppression). For unfamiliar objects, SSVEP amplitudes increased with stimulus repetition (repetition enhancement). Source reconstruction revealed inferior temporal regions as generators for the repetition suppression effect, probably reflecting a sharpening mechanism within the cortical

representations of the constituting features of an object. In contrast, repetition enhancement was localised in the superior parietal lobe, possibly IMP dehydrogenase reflecting the formation of a structural object representation. Thus, the mechanisms underlying repetition priming (i.e. sharpening and formation) depend on the semantic content of the incoming information. “
“The corticospinal (CS) system plays an important role in fine motor control, especially in precision grip tasks. Although the primary motor cortex (M1) is the main source of the CS projections, other projections have been found, especially from the supplementary motor area proper (SMAp). To study the characteristics of these CS projections from SMAp, we compared muscle responses of an intrinsic hand muscle (FDI) evoked by stimulation of human M1 and SMAp during an isometric static low-force control task. Subjects were instructed to maintain a small cursor on a target force curve by applying a pressure with their right precision grip on a force sensor.

24 As highlighted by Helfenberger and colleagues,23 a potential contributory factor to the poor vaccination uptake by travelers may be the non-uniformity among international travel advisory guidelines regarding indications for influenza vaccination. If messages from advisory Atezolizumab datasheet groups are contradictory, this can be confusing both for health professionals providing pre-travel advice

and for travelers. The WHO recommends that those travelers at higher risk traveling to the opposite hemisphere should have influenza vaccination.4 This is fairly consistent with WHO population-based recommendations for influenza vaccination.1 It is generally accepted that influenza immunization should also be considered for cruise ships, group tours, and during BTK inhibitor other mass gathering events.25 However, apart from the general recommendations for travelers in high-risk population groups, specific recommendations for travelers are hard to come by. In Canada, the Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT) has recommended influenza vaccination for all healthy travelers, who will or could be exposed to influenza at the destination.26 In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recently voted in favor of universal influenza vaccination in that country.27 There a number

of useful influenza surveillance resources, which have been listed in Table 1. Not only is there variability in approaches for who should be vaccinated but a variety of influenza vaccines are available, including vaccines administered by the intramuscular, intradermal, and

intranasal routes. Another issue often raised when discussing influenza vaccination is that influenza viruses constantly evolve, and influenza vaccines need to protect against the principal strains of virus circulating at the time.4 These can differ between the northern and southern hemispheres and influenza vaccinations are modified approximately every 6 months in preparation for the peak influenza season in each hemisphere.4 Hence, an influenza vaccine from one hemisphere may only partially protect against the virus strains Org 27569 in the other hemisphere, depending on the constituent virus strains covered.4 There is a vaccine available for pandemic (H1N1) 2009, but not for avian influenza (H5N1).4 There is interest in making southern hemisphere seasonal influenza vaccines available to providers in the northern hemisphere and vice versa, but practical difficulties need to be overcome.28,29 Guidelines for chemoprophylaxis and presumptive self-treatment for influenza also differ among international travel advisory groups. Antiviral drugs are an important adjunctive preventive measure for the treatment and prevention of influenza,1 including pandemic (H1N1) 2009.