Ectosymbiont attachments were classified as

Anchoring, Molding, Cementing, or Corroding. The study suggests that some microstructure features may be protective, keeping the ectosymbionts away from the cortex and loosely attached at intervals along the shaft of the spine, while other micro-structures facilitate attachment over considerable areas of the shaft.”
“The stratum corneum (SC) plays a fundamental role in the barrier function of the skin. The SC consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix. The main lipid classes in the lipid matrix are ceramides (CERs), cholesterol (CHOL) and free fatty acids (FFAs). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the chain length of FFAs on the thermotropic phase behavior and BIX 01294 nmr mixing properties of SC lipids. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman imaging spectroscopy were used to study the mixing properties using either protonated or deuterated FFAs. We selected SC model lipid mixtures containing only a single CER, CHOL and either a single FFA or a mixture of FFAs mimicking the FFA SC composition. The single CER consists of a sphingoid base with 18 carbon atoms and an acyl chain with a chain length of 24 carbon atoms. When using lignoceric acid (24 carbon atoms) or a mixture of FFAs, the CER and

FFAs participated in mixed crystals, but hydration of the mixtures induced a slight phase separation between CER and FFA. The mixed crystalline structures did not phase separate during Navitoclax inhibitor storage even up to a time period of 3 months. When using palmitic acid (16 carbon atoms), a slight phase separation was observed between FFA and CER. This phase separation was clearly enhanced during hydration and storage. In conclusion, the thermotropic phase behavior and the mixing properties of the SC lipid mixtures were shown GW786034 to strongly depend on the chain length and chain length distribution of FFAs, while hydration enhanced the phase separation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause epidemics and pandemics

that result in considerable financial burden and loss of human life. To manage annual IAV epidemics and prepare for future pandemics, an improved understanding of how IAVs emerge, transmit, cause disease and acquire pandemic potential is urgently needed. Fundamental techniques essential for procuring such knowledge are IAV isolation and culture from experimental and surveillance samples. Here we present a detailed protocol for IAV sample collection and processing, amplification in chicken eggs or mammalian cells, and identification from samples containing unknown pathogens. This protocol is robust, and it allows for the generation of virus cultures that can be used for downstream analyses.

This biradical is able to covalently bind amino acids in the close proximity and to form cross-link. The Met 96 of cytochrome b5 is situated in a linker region between its catalytic and membrane domains, while this website Met 126 and 131 are located in its membrane domain. The combination of several methods (electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, isoelectric focusing, Edman N-terminal degradation and amino acid analysis) was employed to characterize the molar ratio of P450 2B4 to cytochrome b5 in formed covalent cross-links to quantify their transient interactions. RESULTS: The successfully produced cytochrome

b5 nanoprobe (with confirmed pMet incorporation by mass spectrometry) stimulates the catalytical activity of P450 2B4 when reconstituted with NADPH: P450 oxidoreductase in vitro in dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) vesicles. The cross-linking was carried out in similar reconstituted

system without NADPH: P450 oxidoreductase, and at least three products were separated on 1D SDS-PAGE. The molar ratio of P450 to cytochrome b(5) in each complex was estimated using the above-mentioned combination of methods as 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the utility of cytochrome b5 nanoprobe to study the interactions in MFO system. Using this nanoprobe, heterodimer with P450 2B4 and in addition also heterooligomers were identified, suggesting rather complex interactions of both proteins in this system that suppose the formation of such multimeric structures in the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum.”
“Background: When nurse education selleckchem has moved away from a hospital based apprenticeship to a higher education institutions and new EU legislature enabled nurse workforce mobility, the term “competence” became an important concept in nurse education and practice. However, Selleck BB-94 there is still a lot of confusion about its definition, how it should be assessed and

implemented and which competences does a contemporary nurse need. Objectives: To find publishing patterns in the nursing competence research literature production, focusing on publishing dynamics, identifying prolific research entities, most cited papers, and visualising the content of the research. Design and Data Sources: A bibliometric analysis of 370 information sources (288 original papers and 82 review articles) found in the Scopus database using the search string “nursing competenc*” for the period 1981-2012 was conducted. The SciMago database was used to identify country and source title ranks. Methods: Common elements of bibliometric data were extracted from each information source. Descriptive, correspondence and text analyses were used on the retrieved bibliometric data. Results: The production of research literature has a positive trend.

The amino acid residues 20 to 65 of the ORF3 protein are essential in this competitive interaction of ORF3 PF-562271 mouse protein with pPirh2 over p53. The interaction of ORF3 protein with pPirh2 also leads to an alteration in the physiological cellular localization of pPirh2 and a significant reduction in the stability of pPirh2. These events contribute to the deregulation of p53 by pPirh2, leading to increased p53 levels and apoptosis of the infected cells. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Populations in Africa mostly

rely on herbal concoctions for their primarily health care, but so far scientific studies supporting the use of plants in traditional medicine remain poor. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic effects of Picralima nitida (seeds), Nauclea latifolia (root and stem) and Oxytenanthera abyssinica (leaves) commonly used, in diabetic pregnancy.\n\nMethods: selleck chemicals llc Pregnant wistar rats, rendered diabetic by multiple low injections of streptozotocin, were treated wit h selected plant extracts

based on their antioxidant activities. Vitamin C concentrations, fatty acid compositions and phytochemical analysis of plants extracts were determined. Effect of selected plant extracts on human T cell proliferation was also analysed.\n\nResults: All analysed plant extracts exhibited substantial antioxidant activities probably related to their content in polyphenols. Picralima nitida exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. Ethanolic and butanolic extracts of Picralima nitida, butanolic extract of Nauclea latifolia and ethanolic extract of Oxytenanthera abyssinica significantly decreased hyperglycemia in the diabetic pregnant rats. Butanolic extract of Picralima, also appeared Dibutyryl-cAMP to be the most potent immunosuppressor although all of the analysed extracts exerted an immunosuppressive effect on T cell proliferation probably due to their linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and/or alkaloids content. Nevertheless, all analysed plants seemed to be good source of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.\n\nConclusion: By having antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and

immunosuppressive activities, these plants could be good candidates in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic pregnancy.”
“OBJECTIVES: Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) have recently been developed and are ultimately hoped to replace interferon-based therapy. However, DAA monotherapy results in rapid emergence of resistant strains and DAAs must be used in combinations that present a high genetic barrier to resistance, although viral kinetics of multidrug-resistant strains remain poorly characterized. The aim of this study is to track the emergence and fitness of resistance using combinations of telaprevir and NS5A or NS5B inhibitors with genotype 1b clones.\n\nMETHODS: HCV-infected chimeric mice were treated with DAAs, and resistance was monitored using direct and ultra-deep sequencing.

First, oxysterols are already present in fresh semen samples, showing that lipid peroxidation is part of normal sperm physiology. After chromatographic separation (by high-performance liquid chromatography), the detected oxysterol species were identified with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction-monitoring mode that enabled detection in a broad and linear concentration range (0.05-100 pmol for HSP990 research buy each oxysterol species detected). Second, exposure of living sperm cells to oxidative stress does not result in the same level and composition of oxysterol species compared with oxidative stress imposed on reconstituted vesicles from

protein-free sperm lipid extracts. This suggests that living sperm cells protect themselves against elevated oxysterol formation. Third, sperm capacitation induces the formation of oxysterols, and these formed oxysterols are almost completely depleted from the sperm surface by albumin. Fourth, and most importantly, capacitation after freezing/thawing of sperm fails to induce both the formation of oxysterols and the subsequent albumin-dependent depletion of oxysterols from the sperm surface. The possible physiological relevance of capacitation-dependent

oxysterol formation and depletion at the sperm surface as well as the omission of this after freezing/thawing semen is discussed.”
“Background: Risk stratification schemes PF-00299804 mouse assessing stroke and thromboembolism (stroke/TE) buy OICR-9429 and bleeding relating to atrial fibrillation (AF) have largely been derived and validated in Western populations. We assessed risk factors that constitute scores for assessing stroke/TE (CHADS(2), CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc) and bleeding (HAS-BLED), and the predictive value of these scores in a large cohort of Chinese patients with AF.\n\nMethods

and results: We studied 1034 AF patients (27.1% female, median age 75; 85.6% non-anticoagulated) with mean follow-up of 1.9 years. On multivariate analysis, vascular disease was independently associated with stroke/TE in non-anticoagulated patients (p=0.04). In patients with a CHADS(2) or CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score=1, the rate of stroke/TE was 2.9% and 0.9% respectively, but in patients at “high risk” (scores >= 2), this rate was 4.6% and 4.5%, respectively. The c-statistics for predicting stroke/TE with CHADS(2) and CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc were 0.58 (p=0.109) and 0.72 (p<0.001), respectively. Compared to CHADS(2), the use of CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc would result in a Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) of 16.6% (p=0.009) and an Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI) of 1.1% (p=0.002). Cumulative survival of the patients with a CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score >= 2 was decreased compared to those with a CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score 0-1 (p<0.001), but the CHADS(2) was not predictive of mortality. There was an increased risk of major bleeding with increasing HAS-BLED score (c-statistic 0.61, 95% CI: 0.51-0.71, p=0.042).

Electronic noses can distinguish “breathprints” associated with different disorders.\n\nObjective: This is the first study assessing alterations in “breathprint” during gestation.\n\nMaterial and methods: 130 women participated in our study (78 pregnant vs. 52 non-pregnant). Breath samples were processed by an electronic

nose and analyzed using principal component analysis.\n\nResults: Significant differences were found in exhaled breath pattern between pregnant and non-pregnant women (p = 0.001).\n\nConclusion: Pregnancy-induced changes in exhaled gases need to be considered when pregnant women with respiratory disorders carry out breath tests.”
“We report a new class of thiophene (TP) compounds that kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the previously uncharacterized mechanism of Pks13 inhibition.

BTSA1 price An F79S mutation near the catalytic Ser55 site in Pks13 conferred TP resistance in M. tuberculosis. Overexpression of wild-type Pks13 resulted in TP resistance, and overexpression of the Pks13(F79S) mutant conferred high resistance. In vitro, Navitoclax supplier TP inhibited fatty acyl-AMP loading onto Pks13. TP inhibited mycolic acid biosynthesis in wild-type M. tuberculosis, but it did so to a much lesser extent in TP-resistant M. tuberculosis. TP treatment was bactericidal and equivalent to treatment with the first-line drug isoniazid, but it was less likely to permit emergent resistance. Combined isoniazid and TP treatment resulted in sterilizing activity. Computational docking identified a possible TP-binding groove within the Pks13 acyl carrier protein domain. This study confirms that M. tuberculosis Pks13 is required for mycolic acid biosynthesis, phosphatase inhibitor validates it as a druggable target and demonstrates the therapeutic potential of simultaneously inhibiting multiple targets in the same biosynthetic pathway.”
“Introduction: Certain chemotherapeutic agents commonly used for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) require minimum threshold renal function for administration. To determine how such requirements

affect treatment options, we evaluated renal function patterns in this population.\n\nMethods: We performed a single-center retrospective analysis of patients treated for stage IV NSCLC from 2000 to 2007. Associations between patient characteristics, calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl), and clinical outcomes were determined using univariate and multivariate analyses, Cox proportional hazard models, and mixed model analysis.\n\nResults: 298 patients (3930 creatinine measurements) were included in the analysis. Patients had a median of 5 (interquartile range [IQR] 4-18) Cr measurements. Median baseline CrCl was 96 mL/min (IQR 74-123 mL/min); median nadir CrCl was 78 mL/min (IQR 56-100 mL/min). Renal function was associated with age (P< 0.001), race (P = 0.009), and gender (P= 0.001).

All rights reserved.”
“Several invasive and noninvasive tests for risk stratification of sudden cardiac death have been studied, mostly in the context of structural heart disease such as coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Tests such as MTWA (repotarization abnormality) and SAECG (depolarization abnormality) have high negative predictive values but selleck inhibitor a tow positive predictive value

in patients with myocardial infarction or cardiomyopathy. Recentty, we described the presence of a fragmented QRS complexes (fQRS) on a routine 12-lead electrocardiogram as another marker of depolarization abnormality. fQRS represents conduction delay caused by myocardial scar in patients with CAD. However, fQRS is not specific for CAD and is also encountered in other myocardial diseases such as cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease. fQRS is associated with increased mortality and arrhythmic events in patients with CAD. fQRS has

also been defined as a marker of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy and Brugada syndrome. In Brugada syndrome, the presence of fQRS predicts episodes of ventricular fibrillation during follow-up. Therefore, the utility of fQRS in risk stratification of find more sudden cardiac death needs to be explored further, especially in nonischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure.”
“The electronic structure and magnetic properties of Mn-doped Heusler-type compounds (Cr1-xMnx)(3)Al (x=n/12, n=0,2,4,6,8,10,12) were investigated using the plane-wave pseudopotential method. The results show that the compounds

of x=2/12,4/12,6/12,8/12,1 exhibit the half-metallic character with 100% spin polarization, and their total moments are all negative values, in well agreement with the Slater-Pauling rule. The compound of x=0 shows a nearly half-metallicity since the Fermi level slightly touches the valence bands, leading to a high but not 100% spin polarization. Because the Mn atom has more 3d electrons than the Cr atom, the preferable SN-38 solubility dmso occupation of Mn atom for all the doped compounds is the (A,C) sites and not the B site. The more symmetric surroundings of atom coordination in the B site in contrast to the (A,C) sites lead to a typical 3d electronic splitting. The Cr(A,C) and Cr(B) moments show an antiferromagnetic coupling character, and the Mn(A,C) moments show a ferromagnetic coupling with the Cr(A,C) moments.”
“This research aimed to assess the occurrence of potential risks in drug prescriptions to elderly at the Brazilian public primary health care. A cross-sectional, multicenter research was carried out at the pharmacies of public primary health care in five cities of the Ourinhos Micro-region, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

“
“Cellular expansive growth is one of the foundations of morphogenesis. In plant and fungal cells, expansive growth is ultimately determined by manipulating the mechanics of the cell wall. Therefore, theoretical and biophysical descriptions of cellular growth processes focus JQ1 price on mathematical models of cell wall biomechanical responses to tensile stresses, produced by the turgor pressure. To capture and explain the biological processes they describe, mathematical models need quantitative information on relevant biophysical parameters, geometry and cellular structure. The increased use of mechanical modeling approaches in plant and fungal cell

biology emphasizes the need for the concerted development of both disciplines and underlines the obligation of biologists to understand basic biophysical principles.”
“When examining health risks associated with the BMI, investigators often rely on the customary BMI thresholds of the 1995 World Health Organization report. However, within-interval variations in morbidity and mortality

can be substantial, and the thresholds do not necessarily correspond to identifiable www.selleckchem.com/products/ON-01910.html risk increases. Comparing the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), asthma, and arthritis among non-Hispanic whites, blacks, East Asians and Hispanics, we examine differences in the BMI-health-risk relationships for small BMI increments. The analysis is based on 11 years of data of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), click here with a sample size of 337,375 for the combined 1997-2007 Sample Adult. The analysis

uses multivariate logistic regression models, employing a nonparametric approach to modeling the BMI-health-risk relationship, while relying on narrowly defined BMI categories. Rising BMI levels are associated with higher levels of chronic disease burdens in four major racial and ethnic groups, even after adjusting for many socio-demographic characteristics and three important health-related behaviors (smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption). For all population groups, except East Asians, a modestly higher disease risk was noted for persons with a BMI <20 compared with persons with BMI in the range of 20-21. Using five chronic conditions as risk criteria, a categorization of the BMI into normal weight, overweight, or obesity appears arbitrary. Although the prevalence of disease risks differs among racial and ethnic groups regardless of BMI levels, the evidence presented here does not support the notion that the BMI-health-risk profile of East Asians and others warrants race-specific BMI cutoff points.”
“Biologic agents used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are able to reduce both disease activity and radiographic progression of joint disease.

The objective of the current study was to determine the prevalence of past HBV infection in patients with lymphoma and its relevance in terms of HBV-related complications. METHODS: The authors reviewed 430 patients with lymphoma from May 2006 to May 2008. RESULTS: Among the 430 patients, 233 had both the H8sAg and HBcAb tests performed, whereas 197 had only the HBsAg test performed. Among those with both tests performed, 34.3% (80 of 233) were HBcAb positive only. Of these 80 patients, 58 had a concomitant HBV DNA level test, which was positive in 3 (5.2%), Of the 67 patients with past and 26

with chronic HBV infection who received chemotherapy, HBV reactivation occurred in 1.5% beta-catenin signaling and 42.3% of patients, respectively (P<.0001). Prophylactic lamivudine was administered in 7 (10.4%) patients with past HBV infection and in 18 (69.2%) with chronic HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS: The low rate of HBV reactivation reported in our study coupled with the high prevalence of past HBV infection in an endemic area suggests that routine usage of antiviral prophylaxis may not be required for all patients with past HBV

infection. Close surveillance remains a reasonable and viable option for the majority of patients. Cancer 2010;116:115-21. (C) 2010 American Nutlin-3 concentration Cancer Society.”
“Among biliary complications, ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBLs) remain a major cause of morbidity in liver transplant recipients, significantly affecting the chance of survival of both patients and grafts. We retrospectively reviewed 10 years of prospectively collected donor

and recipient data from April 2001 to April 2011. We evaluated the incidence of ITBL occurrence, exploring the possible predisposing factors, including donor and recipient data. Two hundred fifty-one grafts were harvested: 222 of them were transplanted at our institution, the remaining 29 (11.6%) discarded by our donor team as showing >40% macrovesicular steatosis. Mild-moderate (20%-40%) macrovesicular steatosis (P < .001) and cold ischemia time (P = .048) significantly increased the risk of ITBL, also as an independent risk factor after multivariate analysis.”
“Background: Granulocyte transfusions (GTXs) have been used successfully as an adjunctive treatment option for invasive infections in some neutropenic patients with underlying hematologic malignancy this website (HM).\n\nPatients and methods: We sought to determine the impact of GTX as an adjunct to antifungal therapy in 128 patients with HM and prolonged neutropenia (>= 14 days) with a proven or probable invasive aspergillosis (IA) infection by retrospectively reviewing our institutional database.\n\nResults: Fifty-three patients received GTX and 75 did not. By univariate analysis, patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis who received GTX were less likely to respond to antifungal therapy (P = 0.03), and more likely to die of IA (P = 0.009) when compared with the non-GTX group.

In each subject, pre- and postintervention anthropometric measures and biochemical tests on fasting

blood were performed.\n\nResults:\n\nAfter the programme, the training group showed an increase in VO(2peak) and fat oxidation during exercise. Body mass index (BMI), blood glucose and triglycerides were reduced, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased. ApoB/ApoA-I ratio decreased significantly (-0.43%, p < 0.01). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure Volasertib mouse also decreased (-8.4% and -10.9%, respectively). Among the training group, 10 subjects were classified as having the metabolic syndrome before the intervention and none after. No significant changes in any other variables were measured in the control group.\n\nConclusions:\n\nTraining HKI-272 solubility dmso targeted at Fat max reduces the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated factors in obese children. In particular, this intervention decreases the ApoB/ApoA-I

ratio, which may be considered as a marker for following this syndrome.”
“An aberrant WNT signaling contributes to the development and progression of multiple cancers. WNT5a is one of the WNT signaling molecules. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that amino acid deprivation induces changes in the WNT signaling pathway in colon cancer cells. Results showed that targets of the amino acid response pathway, ATF3 and p21, were induced in the human colon cancer cell line SW480 during amino acid limitation. There was a significant decrease in the WNT5a mRNA level following amino acid deprivation. The down-regulation of WNT5a mRNA by amino acid deprivation is not due to mRNA destabilization. There is a reduction of nuclear beta-catenin protein level by amino acid limitation. Under amino acid limitation, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was increased and the blockage of ERK1/2 by the inhibitor U0126 partially restored WNT5a mRNA level. In conclusion, selleck inhibitor amino acid limitation in colon cancer cells induces phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which then down-regulates WNT5a expression. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background:

Perakine reductase (PR) is an AKR involved in the Rauvolfia alkaloid biosynthetic network.\n\nResults: Three-dimensional structures of PR and the A213W mutant complex with NADPH were solved.\n\nConclusion: PR folds as an unusual alpha(8)/beta(6) barrel and undergoes unexpected conformational changes upon NADPH binding.\n\nSignificance: PR represents the founding member of the new AKR13D subfamily and provides a structural and cofactor binding template for the AKR13 family.”
“MicroRNAs control gene expression by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation of their target mRNAs. Since the discovery of the first microRNAs, lin-4 and let-7, in C elegans, hundreds of microRNAs have been identified as key regulators of cell fate determination, lifespan, and cancer in species ranging from plants to humans.

“
“Objective: This study included 1226 pregnant women who gave birth in our hospital’s Department of Obstetrics and their newborns to evaluate the effects of maternal smoking on neonatal anthropometric measurements.\n\nMaterial Blebbistatin solubility dmso and Method: Information about daily cigarette smoking patterns were collected by a questionnaire and the neonatal anthropometric measurements were recorded. The mothers with high risk pregnancies, multiple births and chronic diseases and the preterms, neonates with congenital

anomalies and hospitalized neonates were excluded.\n\nResults: Of the 1226 women 940 (76.6%) never smoked; while 286 (23.4%) were smoker. Two hundred and five mothers smoking 1-5 cigarettes daily were classified as mild smokers, whereas 81 women smoking more than 5 cigarettes daily as heavy smoker. Eighty one heavy smokers constituted 28.3% of the 286 mothers who smoked and the 6.7% of the whole study population. There as no statistical difference between smokers and non-smokers Salubrinal mouse regarding to socio-cultural and economic status. The average weight, height, chest and head circumference of children born from heavy smoker mother group was 160 gr, 0.65 cm, 0.38 cm and 0.28 cm smaller than the non-smoker group respectively. A statistically significant difference was found regarding height and weight, but not for head and chest

circumference.\n\nConclusion: It was found that as the number of Pevonedistat cigarettes smoked increased by mother, especially the weight of the newborn decreased and the height also is adversely affected.”
“Background Genetic analysis of choroidal melanoma is frequently used to estimate the risk of metastatic spread of the tumor. Obtaining a biopsy for genetic analysis, however, can be

difficult and sometimes unsuccessful. We evaluated the feasibility and accuracy of genetic testing using array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) after radiotherapy, from tumor samples obtained by endoresection or after secondary enucleation. Material and methods Fifteen choroidal melanoma samples obtained after radiotherapy (Ruthenium-106 plaque brachytherapy or Gamma-Knife radiosurgery) were analyzed by array CGH to detect chromosomal aberrations (monosomy 3 and trisomy 8q), and the results were compared with pre-irradiation findings in five cases. Results Array CGH was successfully performed in all 15 cases. Time from radiotherapy to obtaining the sample for cytogenetic testing was between 14 and 879 days. Results of post-radiotherapy genetic analysis did not differ from pre-radiotherapy findings. Conclusion Post-radiation CGH appears to be a promising option for prognostic testing if a first biopsy before radiotherapy failed or was not performed. It could be useful to avoid an additional surgical procedure before radiotherapy if vitrectomy or endoresection is planned after radiotherapy.